Why Indian students should spend crores for the publication of research papers paying to foreign companies? (2)

Why Indian students should spend crores for the publication of research papers paying to foreign companies? (2)

Foreign business thrives on India: The suggestion was made after examining the rise of the OA method adopted by Indian researchers. Picture this: In 2011, there were 14,850 OA publications, with 5,864 being gold OA. By 2020, the total number of OA publications had increased to 50,662, with 30,604 being gold OA and 20,058 other OA publications (see box). Also, the number of journals levying APCs has grown consistently: it was 1,825 in 2011 and 5,661 in 2022. The authors felt that with the growing number of OA publications from India, a central and state-level single-window option for funding in OA journals would help researchers.

All About OA
1) What is Open Access	* Open access (OA) keeps research work open to all
	* Gold OA removes all restrictions and permission barriers
	* Green OA places a version of research work in a repository chosen by the publisher with certain terms and conditions to access the article
2) The APC model	* The Article Processing Charges (APC) has changed the underlying strategies of the journal business model, shifting from demand-side to supply-side economics
	* Instead of charging readers and librarians for subscription or license of scholarly work, the OA model supports the production cost of an article by the author paying the APC
	* APC per document varied from journal to journal with the minimum APC being $8 for chemistry and materials sciences and the maximum $6,000 for health and medical sciences journals
	* In the area of business, economics and management, the highest APC was between $1,001 and $1,500

The charges are mandatory and they justify such charges: The website declares[1], “To cover publication costs Wiley Open Access journals charge an Article Publication Charge (APC). APCs vary by journal. To see a full list of APC prices for Wiley fully open access journals and subscription journals which offer open access, please see our Article Publication Charges page.” How to pay – has also been explained[2]. It also warns, “When submitting an article to a Wiley Open Access journal, the submitting author must agree to pay the publication charge minus any eligible discount (or request a waiver). After acceptance the article will enter the production cycle and the author will be asked to pay the publication charge for the journal minus any eligible discount. When final formatting corrections are made and the author approves their article for publication, payment of the publication charge must be received before the article will be published online. The submitting author assumes responsibility for the article processing charge, and Wiley will not issue refunds of any kind.” Copy right, how the article is published in a journal, who buys and reads or how it is accessed and other reasons are cited for justification of publishing charges collected. Thus, the terms and conditions have been explicit and it is doubtful that all Indian paper senders and payers would have understood or not.

The Publication charges increasing year by year and so also Indian researchers: The EC and US academic companies have understood the potential of India and thus, they have decided to exploit it. As India has 140 crores population with millions of IT experts, doctors, engineers and other professionals, they are in demand in every country. Unlike other nationals, the Indians have been calm, docile and sincere in their duties and work with commitment. Therefore, they have indulged and engaged in this commercialization and business. Initially, the foreign journals did not charge APCs, but, slowly started charging on different pretexts. The global average per-journal APC is US$1,626 [Rs 1,35,000/-], its recent increase indicating “that authors choose to publish in more expensive journals”. A 2019 analysis has shown 75% of European spending on scientific journals goes to “big five” publishers (Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, Taylor & Francis and the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the trend continues even today. Together they accounted for 56% of articles published, as they have commercialized the situation and conditions.

Million-Billion business of publishing papers: Author fees or page charges have existed since at least the 1930s. Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $100 [Rs 1,000/-] to over $5000 [Rs 4 lakhs], and even sometimes as high as €9500 [Rs 9 lakhs] or $10,851 [Rs 8 lakhs] for the journal Nature. Meanwhile, an independent study indicated that the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article should be in the region of €200–€1000 [Rs 15,000/- to Rs 80,000/-]. High fees are sometimes charged by traditional publishers in order to publish in a hybrid open-access journal, which makes an individual article in a subscription journal open-access. The average APC for hybrid journals has been calculated to be almost twice as high as APCs from full open-access publishers. Journals with high impact factors from major publishers tend to have the highest APCs. Publishers’ high operating profit margins, often on publicly funded research works, and their copyright practices have subjected them to criticism by researchers. For example, a Guardian article informed that in 2010, Elsevier’s scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m [Rs 800 crores] on just over £2bn [Rs 1600 crores] in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year. So, just like cellphone, internet usage etc., the article-publishing business has also been operating effectively with profits.

1970-80s – Indian journals were in demand: During the 1970-80 period, many Indian journals , mostly published by the Indian Research Institutions, CSIR, Defence and other organizations were popular among the researchers. The subscribers used to wait for the journals and read them. In fact, they were sold in the book and newspaper stalls. Some publishers used to export to the USA and European countries, as there was a demand for them. The Indian Journals contained highly researched articles, papers, and reports about discoveries and inventions with locally available technologies and resources. Not only, the Journal were so cheap, but, the inputs, raw materials, parts and accessories used and the final products and goods produced or manufactured were also cheap and economical. Only thousands of Indians used to subscribe and read such journals (at that time the annual subscription was Rs 10/- and then increased to Rs 100/-). In fact, the contributors of the articles to those journals were paid honorarium. Many times, the US-European scientists, technical experts and manufacturers used to surprise and recognize the importance of the Indian and Indianized science and technology. Thus, they started buying extracts (floral, herbal etc), rare-earths, handicrafts and man-made locally manufactured goods and subject to critical analysis and research[3].

Electronification, digitization and commercialization of education: The teaching and learning processes and accompanying materials have been electronic oriented and made accordingly. The books, journals and other documents are digitized. Even objects, tools, laboratory activities, manufacturing processes, hospital treatments etc., have been videographed and used for education. The cellphones, televisions, CCTVs and all other equipments are connected, monitored and tracked. Thus, illiterate or literate – most of the Indians have been brought under such electronic and digitized systems with Adhar card, Voter ID, biometrics etc. Therefore, the position and condition of the students need not be explained, as they are found to be with cell-phones always, except when they sleep and go to toilets. The exams have to be conducted in a careful and controlled manner, as the students adopt and adapt new electronic gadgets and methods to cheat the invigilators. Thus, how researchers behave, interact, prepare their papers and related activities need not be explained.

To become an Assistant Professor paper publication is necessary: To become an Assistant Professor, one should have a basic degree in Humanities or science or technology, so that then, he / she can complete a master degree of a subject of the choice. Post completion of a master’s degree, candidates need to appear for the UGC NET exam conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) with the concurrence of the University Grants Commission (UGC). It is one of the mandatory requirements to become an Assistant Professor. Candidates must also publish their research papers in various peer journals as it will add value to candidates’ resumes. The UGC-NET Exam is conducted twice a year in June and December respectively in well over eighty subjects in various cities of the country to decide the eligibility of candidates passing out from Indian universities for the selection of “Assistant Professors as well as “Junior Research Fellowship and Assistant Professors” in the colleges and universities of India. The selection is based on the aggregate performance of candidates in both the papers – Paper I and Paper II. Although the examination demands a wide extensive and intensive preparation at the same time depending on the time and facilities available, an intelligent approach to the preparation for the examination may make it easier for aspirants to clear the exam with relative ease and freedom from anxiety.

From “Publish or perish” to “Pay and get published” condition: Coolidge in 1932 reportedly coined the phrase “Publish or perish” and it is affecting most of the academicians and they are forced to prepare and submit some papers for publication. Academic institutions and university mechanically decide the competency of the candidates appearing for jobs with their publication of papers. Administrators and interviewing selectors are increasingly using this as the criteria during recruitments, including such columns in their applications and reports. Thus, the prospective candidates and researchers resort to different methods to publish their papers. For real, genuine and capable candidates, there is no problem, as they know the subject, have writing capabilities and presentation skills and thus, easily getting their papers published at conferences, seminars and workshops. However, for others with some drawbacks, they struggle in this aspect. Here, the transition takes place, the “Pay or perish” position changes to “Pay and get published” condition.

“Pay and get published” leads to other unacademic activities: Scholars, who publish infrequently or who focus on activities that does not result in publications like instructing undergraduates, may find themselves out of contentions for many teaching positions. It is due to these reasons that there is an immense pressure to publish and thus other methods are also creeping inside. This pressure to increase the number of publications has led to unethical practices and waste full research with vested interests. The groups formed at different level try to exploit and commercial this drawback or demand. The increasing scientific articles have fuelled the demand for new journal and the groups, immediately work and implement also. There is intriguing, alarming and proliferation of scientific journals of all kind. Majority of the publications still goes uncited, as they are created for exploitation and commercialization and not for real research. This means that neither they are appreciated by the peers nor they are of any importance to the industry or patient. Most of the published research works are done just to improve the curriculum vitae (CV) of the researcher and they do not find any merit in practical terms. The increasing number of publication have led to a rise in unethical practices, and dubious research practices such as salami slicing, plagiarism, duplicate publication, fraud, ghost authors etc.

From November 2022 onwards, publication of a paper is not mandatory: The MPhil scholars were required to present at least one research paper at a conference or seminar. On the other hand, PhD scholars had to present two research papers at conferences or seminars and publish at least one paper in a refereed journal prior to submitting their thesis. However, in the new regulations for the doctoral programme released on November 7, 2022 the commission has removed this requirement. Still, whether the researchers have known this or not, their enthusiasm, vigour and urge for “payment publication” has not changed.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

10-04-2024

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[1] https://authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/Journal-Authors/open-access/article-publication-charges.html

[2] https://authorservices.wiley.com/asset/photos/licensing-and-open-access-photos/How to pay the APC for an OA journal article.pdf

[3] Working in the Central Excise department, many times, I noticed how such items were exported and why the foreign buyers wanted them.

Why Indian students should spend crores for the publication of research papers? (1)

Why Indian students should spend crores for the publication of research papers? (1)

That Indian researchers pay for their publication was pointed out in 2016: Business Standard reported in 2016[1], “Indians spend close to $2.4 million [Rs.2 crores] annually to get their scientific research output published in different open access (OA) journals, authors of a new study say, raising concerns that scientists often have to cough up two months equivalent of salary to get their work into those journals.” But, why do they spend such huge amounts, if it does not have any returns. “We estimate that India is potentially spending about $2.4 million [Rs.2 crores] annually on Article Processing Charges (APCs) levied by those journals. To publish a paper in OA (Open Access), some journals levy a charge that is equivalent to two months’ salary of an assistant professor in India,” Muthu Madhan of DST Centre for Policy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, told IANS[2]. Criticising the practice, Madhan says it is not right, given the major part (about 70 per cent) of research funding is sourced from taxpayers[3].” If this amount is spent for scientific and technological research journals, then, definitely $ 1 million [Rs 80 lakhs] must have been spent for the journals of social sciences and humanities.

How much published during 2010-2014?: And there is a shortage of funds for research[4]. “It is not right for researchers to give part of it to rich publishers — who overcharge anyway for the meagre services they provide and take home profits in the range 30 to 40 per cent year after year even when the economy was not doing well,” he said[5]. The authors arrived at the figure based on the data mined from the Science Citation Index Expanded that revealed 37,078 papers were published by Indian researchers in 881 OA journals during the five-year period from 2010-2014[6]. An abstract of the analysis is available in the Current Science journal, ahead of publication. “This accounts for about 14.4 per cent of India’s overall publication output, considerably higher than the 11.6 per cent from the world,” the study notes. It is co-authored by Siva Shankar Kimidi of the Library Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad; Subbiah Gunasekaran of the Knowledge Resource Centre, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi; and Subbiah Arunachalam of the DST Centre for Policy Research. Though, Indian experts have been involved in such quantification, they have not revealed why the Indian researchers go for such American and European publishers paying money.

The position of 2020 is declared in 2023: The authors suggest that it would be prudent for Indian researchers to make their work freely available through inter-operable repositories, a trend that is growing significantly around the world. The study does not include the expenditure on OA papers published by Indian researchers in subscription journals which make papers available on OA on payment of a fee. Now, after seven years, in 2023, the very same or similar news appears in the newspapers as follows. The names of the researchers and institutions change, but, the subject matter remains the same. Evidently, the trend does not change and Indians have been ready to shell out dollars for their papers to get published.

Why do Indians spend more?: Indian researchers shelled out US $17 million in 2020 to publish their work and keep it as open access[7]. Of which over 80 per cent of it goes to commercial publishers including MDPI, Springer Nature and Elsevier, a new study has revealed[8]. Cumulatively, around $30 million was spent by researchers globally, reflecting that India’s spend was more than half in that year[9]. Termed as Article Processing Charges (APCs), this fee ensures the financial viability of open access (OA) scholarly journals[10]. Why Indians spend for their paper publication? India has 140 crores opulation and produces nearly 3.8 crores , 38 million graduates.

Degree [2001 census figures]	Holders
Post-graduate degree other than technical degree	6,949,707
Graduate degree other than technical degree	25,666,044
Engineering and technology	2,588,405
Teaching	1,547,671
Medicine	768,964
Agriculture and dairying	100,126
Veterinary	99,999
Other	22,588
Total	37,670,147

And they to go for jobs or different categories, but, there have been millions opting for teaching profession. Hence they appear for qualifying exams and try to get “Assistant Professor Job,” so that they could get settled in the State or Central Government Colleges, Universities or educational institutions.

2023 research data also proves the same 2016 trend: A research paper by Raj Kishor Kampa from the department of Library and Information Science, Berhampur University; Manoj Kumar Sa from the Indian Maritime University, Kolkata and Mallikarjun Dora from the Vikram Sarabhai Library, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, found that Indian researchers published 26,127 gold OA articles across all subjects in WoS (Web of Science)-indexed journals in 2020. Researchers in the field of health and medical sciences paid the highest APC, amounting to $7 million, followed by life and earth sciences ($6.9 million), multidisciplinary ($4.9 million), and chemistry and materials science ($4.8 million). In all, 81% of APCs went to commercial publishers such as MDPI, Springer–Nature, Elsevier and Frontier Media. MDPI was the top publisher where Indian researchers published their articles. It published around 2,360 articles in its 143 flagship journals. The total APC of these 2,360 articles was about half-a-million US dollars.

Science and engineering excel than Social sciences: According to an analysis of APCs across fields, it was found that science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) journals had a higher APC than those in social science and humanities. Particularly, high APC is found in subjects like biology, chemistry and medicine. “The primary issue for Indian researchers is that there is no dedicated system for funding OA publications and no nationwide OA mandate like in many other countries,” the authors said in their study published in the recent issue of Current Science. They suggested the formulation of national-level OA policies since OA is “inevitable for equity and access to scholarly communications”. That is why most of the science and engineering students go aboard, do MS and get settled in US or EC countries. In due course, perhaps, they forget their Indian roots also. The Indian degree holders continue to work for India and produce the science and engineering student to get exported.

Foreign companies brow-beating India: Private publishers charge a subscription fee or place articles behind a paywall, which makes research work inaccessible to many[11]. However, OA literature is largely freely accessible online, for anyone to read, download, copy, distribute, print and search for articles, among other things[12]. Researchers also pointed out that the idea behind open access journals was to ensure equitable access and check “rampant commercialisation” of scholarly publications, but “established publishers have now positioned themselves” in the open access landscape. According to the research team, the primary issue faced by Indian researchers is the lack of a dedicated system to facilitate funding for open access publications and that of a nationwide mandate, like the one that exists in many other countries. Though funding agencies like the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Department of Biotechnology, and Department of Science & Technology have mandates to make research open access, their policies are “old and discuss mostly adding a copy of the published article into the repository and not publishing” in open access journals, the researchers wrote in their study.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

10-04-2024

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[1] Business Standard, ‘Indians spend nearly $2.4 mn to publish research in open access journals’ , Last Updated : Nov 14 2016 | 1:42 PM IST.

[2] https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indians-spend-nearly-2-4-mn-to-publish-research-in-open-access-journals-116111400357_1.html

[3] Swarajya, Indians Spend Nearly $2.4 Million To Publish Research In Open Access Journals, Says Study, SWARAJYA STAFF, Tuesday, November 15, 2016 11:33 am IST.

[4] https://swarajyamag.com/insta/indians-spend-nearly-dollar24-million-to-publish-research-in-open-access-journals-says-study

[5] Eastern Mirror, Indians Spend Nearly $2.4 Million To Publish Research In Open Access Journals, Says Study,, November 15, 2016 11:33 am IST.

[6] https://easternmirrornagaland.com/indians-spend-nearly-2-4-million-to-publish-research-in-open-access-journals/

[7] Times of India, Indian researchers invest $17 million in 2020 for open access: Need to sustain scholarly communication, Hemali Chhapia / TNN / Nov 29, 2023, 00:36 IST.

[8] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/indian-researchers-invest-17-million-in-2020-for-open-access-need-to-sustain-scholarly-communication/articleshow/105572211.cms

[9] I.Love.PhD, Indian Researchers Spent $17 Million in 2020 for OA Journals, By Dr. Somasundaram, November 29, 2023.

[10] https://www.ilovephd.com/indian-researchers-spent-17-million-in-2020-for-oa-journals/

[11] The Print, Indian researchers paid $17mn to publish in open access journals in 2020 — 57% of global total, MOHANA BASU, 28 November, 2023 07:30 am IST.

[12] https://theprint.in/science/indian-researchers-paid-17mn-to-publish-in-open-access-journals-in-2020-57-of-global-total/1861273/

The proceedings of the 81st session of the Indian History Congress held at Chennai from December 27th to 29th , 2022 – academic proceedings, paper reading, presentation and publication (5)

The proceedings of the 81^st session of the Indian History Congress held at Chennai from December 27^th to 29^th , 2022 – academic proceedings, paper reading, presentation and publication (5)

The obsession, hype, or craze for paper presentation at IHC and the standard: Every year, it is constantly claimed by the IHC authorities through their reports, news appearing in the media and the business session details that more than 1000, 1500 0r 2000 papers are received on various themes and topics and they are collected[1]. Ten years means 10,000 to 20,000 papers, thus, the volume of such papers collected can be noted. Paper reading, presentation and publication has become some sort of ISI trade mark or ISO 90021 certification. Thus, young history students, research scholars and even professors of all sorts come here to present papers. They (papers submitted) are sorted out, separated and classified for different topics. Now, just 81^st session has been over. Thus, for more than 50 years period, e.g., about one lakh – 1,00,000 and for 80 years, much more papers must have been received. But, none bothers or thinks about, how these papers are disposed off.

What happens to the rejected papers, how they are disposed off?: The paper preparing persons – whether students, researchers, professors, experts or otherwise, are definitely, the genuine ones spend a lot of time, energy and money to bring out their papers. Spending thousands of rupees, they are reaching the venue travelling hundreds and thousands of kms distance. And the papers are brought to the conference to present with the hope that they would be published. Many well-researched, presented with PPT and illustrations are ignored, though, they are appreciated by others[2] after the presentation at the section. But, only a few privileged ones are getting their wishes fulfilled, i.e, their papers are getting published and others are rejected – not published. So where such rejected papers have been going? Every sectional president has been getting a copy and thus, during the last 81 years, nearly or at least 300 such persons [sectional presidents] would have received thousands /lakhs of papers. The IHC editor would have received all the copies for every session. Are they kept in the permanent IHC office, store room or record room? Or are they distributed among their students for reference?

How they could have been used by others?: Thus, these papers would have gone to the respective Universities, colleges and institutions and in turn given to their students for usage. Any MPhil, or PhD student can easily use such materials as received on the platter. Thus, such a condition is sad, pathetic and horrible, as the hard work, industrious research and studious labour are to be enjoyed by others. This is unjustifiable and looting the work of others, when these ideologists go on insisting about oppression, suppression and exploitation of so many people, social groups, working classes etc., this can be noted as academic looting,  research pillaging and scholarly prowling.

Are every time new papers presented?: Even the printed volumes of the IHC can be used for such purpose of the critical study of the organizers and their way of bias adopted and adapted in selecting, rejecting, editing and recommendation of papers for publication. Thus a person who regularly attends fo 10, 20, 30, 40 years can easily identify, which paper is read where on / which topic or title and by whom and where also. Thus, he can get the feeling that this is already there or red or published. If he attends IHC, SIHC, APHC, UPHC, PHC, OHC, APHC, THC, TNHC, KHC (Karnataka), KHC (Kerala) etc.[3], he can still easily point out and identify that the same paper or of such nature are read and presented again and again by the same person or by some other.

What are topics, themes and thesis are taken up and dealt with?: Going through the papers presented, read and published, they are grouped as follows:

social conflicts, communal issues, community consciousness

• struggle, social struggle, societal conflicts, class struggle,
• majority, majority politics, majoritarianism, minority, vote banks, politics thereof
• Muslim women’s rights, Shariat law, court cases
• Masjid-mandir issue, the historicity of Ayodhya, and related issues,
• community, class, violence, mob violence,
• left alternative, communist model, Marxist methodology, Leninist option, Maoist substitution,
• Dalit, oppressed, suppressed, exploited, migration, social mobility,
• ambiguities, contradictions,
• marginalization, exclusion, deprivation
• sectarian, sectarian affiliation, lumpen elements,
• Hindu-Muslim, colonial exploitation, riots,
• Cow, beef, beef-eating, vegetarianism, related politicized issues
• Mughal-Muslim, feudalism,
• Democracy, authoritarianism,
• socialistic, secular, communal
• Vimochana samaran,  communist movements, Marxist interpretation, working class,

These are given only for illustrative purposes and not exhaustive. The published proceeding volumes may be referred to.

What is the logical, rational and reasonable balance used in the selection of the papers?: If a regular attendee of IHC and listener to the paper presentation and reading can easily understand how themes, issues and topics are selected, repeated and even forced to thrust on others. The same, similar or modified narratives, discourses and plots are recurring and replicated. They can be matched easily with the printed volumes of the IHC. A careful reader of the volumes could easily identify such sermons, ideologized and pushed to the members. Even the sectional presidents of the past and present choose to repeat their already published matter by changing and modification. If the period is 1500-1700 has already been selected and printed, then, 1500-1550, 1550-1600, 1650-1700 are taken and such split is exploited with the change of titles and contexts to have a new-look.

• Paper presentation + reading = publication
• Publication – printed or on-line versions [of late]
• Such printed + on-line versions changed or modified
• Modified – again presented or changed as “new-looks”
• They are again redressed and presented as sectional president addresses
• They ae changed to be presented for panel discussion

If any publisher is found, negotiated and settled, they are completed and brought out as books.

Now new standards have been declared: Now the General Secretary declares[4], “Due to constraints of space, summaries have not been published over the past several years. Since 2016, the list of papers presented has also been omitted, as all papers presenters are awarded certificates at the session itself.”

1. Due to constraints of space, summaries have not been published over the past several years. See the volume, the size no. of pages and weight also has been increasing. For the first time, perhaps, here, all the volumes were disposed off quickly, as they were given free.
2. Since 2016, the list of papers presented has also been omitted: the expression “omitted” proves the mentality of “rejection.” They cannot “misplace, mislay, or go astray” to do so. It is not a great achievement of the IHC, or editor or whosoever took such fantastic “omission”!
3. The such omission has been due to the reason – as all papers presenters are awarded certificates at the session itself: So the “fantastic omission,” goes on to justify this. So spend Rs 5000/- or more, just come and read paper within two or three or five minutes get a “certificate” and forget! Is it okay, logical, rational, scientific, secular or what is that?

So if this policy is pursued, they should return the papers with whatever reason to the paper submitters, as they have all details.

Now data and information can be processed not only for plagiarism and even for other purposes: If every time some new data, information, materials, field visit details are given to bring out new result, then, it can be considered as new paper. Systematic, in fact, ongoing research, as he gets new details and results, thereby, he can easily correct, make it perfect and present consummated and finality without rehashing or repeating the stuff. If all the titles, themes, names of the authors and related key words are fed, processed and analyzed, the reality of manual processing can be assessed. If a regular attendee / knowledgeable participants / independent observers of the proceedings join such data processing, the results can be narrowed down eliminating mistakes. Anyway, the printed stuff available as the papers printed and circulated, souvenirs, proceeding volumes and others tell the factual position.

The factual events Supreme Court judgments also reveal the position: There had been many issues during the last 50 years that had gone to the courts and decided judicially. In fact, many emeritus, elite and eminent historians were also involved out of the court and in the court and they were divided accordingly, as they were supporting one or the other ideology.  Their ideology had been so vociferous, authoritative and dominant that were explicitly propagated through print and electronic media. The World Archaeological Congress (WAC) 3[5], held at New Delhi, from 4^th-11^th December 1994 also exposed their divide and fight turning into non-academic nature and political bias with their vested ideologies[6]. The following judgments can be cited that exposed their ideologies:

• Ahmad Khan v. Shah Bano Begum [1985 (1) SCALE 767 = 1985 (3) SCR 844 = 1985 (2) SCC 556 = AIR 1985 SC 945] (otherwise known as Sha Bano case)
• Indra Sawhney Etc. Etc vs Union Of India And Others, Etc. … on 16 November, 1992 Equivalent citations: AIR 1993 SC 477, 1992 Supp 2 SCR [Mandal or Mandal Commission Report judgment]
• World Archaeological Congress (WAC) 3, New Delhi, 4^th-11^th December 1994 (this is an event only) [where experts fought with each other, because of ideoloy]
• Sarla Mudgal V. Union of India 1995 AIR 1531 1995 SCC (3) 635; JT 1995 (4) 331 1995 SCALE (3)286 454 (Unicorm Civil Code case)
• M Siddiq and others vs Mahant Suresh Das & Ors   AIR 1999 dated 9 November, 2019 [Masjir-Mandi case or Ayodhya verdict]

The resolutions drafted, circulated or not, discussed and debated[7], passed and printed in the volumes also vouchsafe the stand of the IHC[8].

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

01-01-2023

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[1] Some State History Congress organizers have been collecting CDs i.e, in digital form and it is not known how such huge data is used in digital and as well as non-digital forms.

[2] There have been many papers, even recommended by the sectional presidents and the reasons are known only to them……

[3] It is said, because of the authoritarian nature, bias and other reasons, the state history congresses have started functioning in many states with the support of state philanthropists, politicians and ideologists.

[4] R. Mahalakhsmi, Secretary, Proceedings of  Indian History Congress, opt.cit., preface, p.ix, PIHC, 2022.

[5] India Today, Political wrangles add a touch of bizarre to archaeology conference in New Delhi, KAI FRIESE, ISSUE DATE: Dec 31, 1994 | UPDATED: Jul 19, 2013 10:16 IST.

[6] https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19941231-political-wrangles-add-a-touch-of-bizarre-to-archaeology-conference-in-new-delhi-810050-1994-12-30

[7] After B. R. Grover, none questions and invariably, the resolutions were passed just like that. During the last decades, the public obviously never bothered about the resolutions or proceedings. Even about them of the 81^st session, the media has not covered properly.

[8]  Note, at the Kannur session, 17 members sat together and passed 8 resolutions! PIHC, 2022, opt.cit, pp.1277-1283