Excavations continue at Valasai, Gudiyatham exposing interesting evidences to prove Neolithic Ashmound to Iron period – awaiting Laboratory results!

Tents arranged for the stay of students near the site.

Many tools, implements etc., used for excavation

Excavations continue at Valasai, Gudiyatham exposing interesting evidences to prove Neolithic Ashmound to Iron period – awaiting Laboratory results!

How tools are used: The equipment of archaeological work is composed of tools adapted for digging and cleaning work, as varied as the amounts of earth that will be removed, as well as the size and the fragility of archaeological discoveries.

1. The tools must respond to the security needs and be adapted to the field, which requires, ideally, shoes with track (to avoid falls), with high sides (to protect the ankle), with nails (to avoid the slides);
2. a helmet and a security vest to be worn by the drivers of heavy machinery who work in the site, and gloves and protectors for hands and knees…
3. With the objective of avoiding extremely hard manual work and to gain time, in France the great volumes of earth that need to be removed before reaching the archaeological levels are generally dug by mechanical shovels and evacuated by trucks.
4. The work of removal of the great structures is made manually using the shovels, picks and wheelbarrows. The meticulous excavation of the smallest structures and the soil levels (called “decapage” in France) requires the use of a trowel, a handpick, brushes and buckets.
5. The delicate findings – the inhumations, the ceramics in situ, etc. – are excavated with the aid very fine tools: small spatulas, dental instruments and brushes.
6. The collection of smaller remains also requires sometimes the use of the sieve or the installation of a flotation station.
7. But if the archaeological excavations, in France and abroad, are developed with the same scientific aspirations, they are rarely conducted with similar technical devices because one does not find in the field all the necessary tools.
8. Now, mechanization is replaced by the labor of the workers with the pick (boron ganti and choto ganti), the shovel are replaced by the hoe (kodhal), the wheelbarrows by several carriers of tagari and bar, a type of balance.
9. For the rest, even if the tools have different names, they are similar and the trowel of the archaeologist, recently imported, is known locally as the koni (literally: triangle).

Cross sectional view of the Asmound / ash embedded stratigraphy discovered in 2006

The terminology used in Archaeological excavations: Like in most of disciplines, the archaeologist uses a specific vocabulary to describe his work. This one, nevertheless, not always is standardized, mostly due to the differences between sites, scientific problems, but also professional traditions.

1. A certain number of these terms is borrowed from other disciplines, especially from geology. Sometimes these terms take a new meaning in an archaeologist lexicon.
2. The term “stratigraphic unit ” (S.U.) allows the archaeologist to individualize each human or natural action in a set of events. Some prefer the term “excavation unit ” (E.U.), others use  “sedimentary anomaly ” (S.A.)…
3. Sedimentary anomaly is also known as false statigraphy , due to natural, geological and man-made disturbance of the earth surface.
4. The archaeologist speaks of a positive or negative S.U., depending if it is a result of addition of matter (construction, filling, deposit) or from the action of subtraction of it (digging, erosion), and sometimes of a surface.
5. The  term level is used frequently when referring to a special layer.
6. It is important overall to isolate the actions, to identify them as significant events, and to determine their temporary sequence. The action to dig a ditch must be distinguished from the one that fills up it and between these two moments there can be a pause of several centuries.
7. The event groups several S.U. that correspond to a coherent space unit. A well represents an event that collects all the S.U. that correspond to the excavation of the pit and its construction, its plastering, its traces of use, its filling after abandonment, its transformation into dump…
8. the term structure is also used sometimes to indicate a set that represents a coherent unit in the space. Several structures can belong to the constitution of a unit, even of a special feature (locus).
9. The archaeologist often reasons on what is often not visible today; a ghost, in archaeology, is an element that does not exist anymore but than remains in traceable form.

The Iron ash, slag etc and high temperatures handled: Coming to Valasi site, it is claimed that ferrous remnants have been found. About the Iron ash, articles etc., recovered has already been pointed out and they show that the pastoral activities going on in these areas. The iron implements were required for digging, ploughing, harvesting and other activities. Thus, the ashmound, iron presence and other ceramic ware prove the inter-related high temperature handling of ceramic and metallurgical skills of the people settled here.

The samples found, have to be sent to laboratories for getting datings, as now by comparing the existing and established practices, the relative datings have been prescribed.

Jeyamkonda Soleswaram temple is situated near Valasai Village

LHS of the temple

RHS of the temple

Broken sculptures found

Brahma sculpture found

Rajaraja sculpture

Chola inscriptions found on the outer wall of the temple RHS

Chola inscriptions found on the outer wall of the temple RHS, bottom portion

Jeyamkonda Soleswaram is mentioned in the bottom portion of the inscription

LHS of the temple – another view

Backside view of the temple

View from the corner of the temple outside

Venkatesan briefed about the temple and temple-architecture

Jeyamkonda Soleswarr, Lingam-Mulavar inside

The Jeyamkondacholeswaram Temple nearby: The Jeyamkondacholeswaram has been very near with hero-stones and other broken sculpture found in and around, Modikuppam areas prove the well-settled activities of the people till 10^th-11^th centuries. As Rajaraja chola and Rajendra had passed through these areas to Karnataka, the temple fund here has been reasonable. One of the Chola inscriptions states that Jeyasimha, the ruler of Kalyani, turned his back at Masagi [Maski] and hid himself and Rajendra assumed the title Jeyamkonda Chola, as he defeated Jeyasimha. In fact, it has been a good example of Salvage archaeology, as it has been reconstructed with the sculptures, materials available there.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

24-02-2021

The Fifth Telangana History Congress held at Nadigudem, Suryapet, Telangana on January 19th and 20th 2020 concluded! [4]

The Fifth Telangana History Congress held at Nadigudem, Suryapet, Telangana on January 19^th and 20^th 2020 concluded! [4]

When I presented my paper, Prof T. Manohar, HOD, History Depot, Kakatiya University, Warangal, was chairing the session

I started with the dolmen found at Nadigudem in Nalgonda District, as discovered and reported by M.L.K. Murthy,

Neolithic axes found at Nadigudem in Nalgonda District, as discovered and reported by M.L.K. Murthy,

Stone Art and Architecture: Manufacture of stone temples, houses, utensils, jars, tubs and others: The technology behind and the tools used: I presented my paper on this topic. I started with archaeological evidence found at Nadigudem and proceeded to cover other aspects. Nadigudem has been situated in a hilly area with Paleolithic cultural evidences. M.L.K. Murthy[1] has pointed out the presence of prehistoric men with the discovery of dolmen and Paleolithic axes at Nadigudem, Nalgonda district. The megalithic sites, burials and related details of the Telangana state have been tabulated in the Appendix-II. As Telangana has been naturally formed hilly area with mineral deposits, men had been exploiting stone and stone implements made thereof. It is not that usage of stone utensils, implements and gadgets that could be considered as megalithic, Neolithic or any lithic culture, but, even in modern culture, it is used for durable and preservative nature. About the availability of ironworking in Telangana, reports have already been published[2]. Therefore, naturally, Telangana people must have worked with stones to manufacture marvellous specimens with high tensile Ferroalloy tools. Thus, stone Art and Architecture, manufacture of stone temples, houses, utensils, jars, tubs and others,  the science and technology behind and the tools used, are studied in this paper with the available evidences of Telangana, Andhra and neighbouring states of Tamilnadu, and Karnataka. Telangana archaeologists have discovered many megalithic, neolithic sites [Pullur banda, Gondimalla, Peddamarur etc] with specimens that prove the stone working capabilities of men going back to c.2000 BCE[3]. After giving many examples, I concluded as follows.

I showed many examples stone utensils etc., to prove how the stone was worked with tools according to the requirements of men’s usage.

A huge capstone was used to cover a menhir-type prehistoric burial site in Neremetta. The crane from Hyderabad took four hours to lift the 40 ton capstone

The preference, uniqueness and usage of stone for all purposes (In lieu of conclusion): From the above discussion, the points are summarized as conclusion:

1. The Indian selection of stone for many purposes in the art and architecture has been unique. Researchers note that not only the historians, archaeologists and art experts differ in dating IVC, IVC artefacts, Vedic civilization and literature, but also in dating available stone art specimens of all forms.
2. Stone has been formed with the creation of earth as a part of Panchabhutas. As a human body with life has been made of Panchabhutas, the stone has been unique, pure and lasts forever. Thus, anything made of stone, preserved in stone, lived with stone would have a long life without degradation.
3. Sila was considered divine and ‘Salagrama’ is treated and worshipped as ‘stone-god,’ nature carved Idol of God manifested.
4. Thus, the Vedic people referred to live in forests and hilly areas, so that they could get all their requirements.
5. The Jains and the Buddhists differed, thus, they located their paces at remote places at the hilly places and viharas. They had to come to villages and cities for their requirements.
6. Thus, stone art developed and progressed in one way or the other, giving employment to thousands of people.
7. During their periods, the quarrying and deforestation were undertaken in a balanced way, so that there were no ecological imbalances. As the population increased, cities multiplied, imbalances had crept into.
8. Modern methods of exploitations, including quarrying and infrastructure development activities, make many monuments disturbed, displaced and disappeared.
9. The uniqueness of /Indian stone art expertise, skill in the carving, particularly rock-art architecture and other features has bee unparalleled. Whether the material evidences came first and the architectural manuals composed later or vice versa, both had been in existence definitely 2000 to 5000 YBP depending upon various experts, different theories and varied chronologies.
10. In any case, the Indians have been so fascinated with stones and rocks of all forms, used and benefited by their use, and lived with them, that they have not disturbed the ecological imbalances, as modern men do.

I showed many examples stone utensils etc., to prove how the stone was worked with tools according to the requirements of men’s usage.

Bell made of stone hanging in a stone chain – the technology and the tools used behind the manufacture should be considered, appreciated and understood

Stone trough, tub, tank could be found in many places. They were used for storing water, food etc., catering to the need of the travellers etc.

This tub with inlet, outlet etc., is found in the Big Temple, Tanjore, reportedly used by Rajaraja Chola.

This tub with inlet, outlet etc., is found in the Big Temple, Tanjore, reportedly used by Rajaraja Chola. Again the point is the ferroalloy tools used to cut, shape, polish and bring out such item made of stone.

A 15th century stone trough spotted on the right bank of the river Krishna at Tangeda village in Dachepalli mandal of Guntur district. The trough chiselled out in Palnadu lime stone measuring 15ft x 3ft x 3ft with a depth of one foot from the River Krishna to facilitate drinking water for elephants during 15th century

Christian Missionaries: John David resented a paper on the role of Christian missionaries for promoting education, health etc. His way of presentation and the concepts of the [paper show that it was of nature of propaganda. He was quoting biblical verses exhaustively to prove that Jesus Christ was a good healer and so on. Of course, Rekha Pande questioned him, after the presentation.

Importance of Nelakondapalli Buddhist site from Khammam district in Telangana state[4]: G.Chandra Reddy presented this paper. He gave the findings of Maga-stupa, Viharas, Votive stupa, throne, Buddha figures and concluded that Nelakondapalli Buddhist site could be developed into a Buddhist hub to attract international tourists. Therefore, the Telangana government should take steps for tourism development.

Return to Chennai: The paper-reading session was over and the General Secretary opined that paper presenter should be available to listen to other paper presenters also. One should not just read paper and go away. Such trend should not be encouraged. But, the day before, they themselves announced that those who wanted to go immediately, they could read their papers, as pointed out above.  After lunch, I decided to proceed to Suryapet, as /I had to vacate the room and proceed to Khammam to catch my train to Chennai. So I came out of the venue and stood on the road near the entrance to request any car that might go to the main road / NH.  After some time, I saw one car coming out and I requested them, the person inside was kind enough to agree to drop me on the NH. Thus, I reached the main road at Barkataguda. Then, I got a share-cab to reach Suryapet junction by 3.30pm. I went to the hotel to know that my room-mate and other friends had already checked out and gone. Therefore, I took rest, packed up my luggage and checked out by 4.45 pm. I proceeded to the main road, where I could get a bus to Khammam. By 7.00 pm, I reached khammam BS and then RS by 7.30 pm. As my train G. T. Express would come by 9.00 pm, I was sitting there watching the passengers and trains going to and fro. The train came by one hour late i,e, 10.00 pm. I got into the train to settle down. After few stations, I had the same problem of many passengers just getting inside and filling up space. Of course, this time, there was an objection from co-passengers also, therefore, we could control them. Definitely, I had the most tedious, wearisome and difficult journey to attend one conference with inherent and other difficulties, as explained and pointed out above, in my life time. As the organizers have been well experienced, highly knowledgeable and veterans in the field, they should see that their logistics would satisfy the minimum requirements of the delegates coming to attend the seminar / conference.  It is not that satisfying 10 and ignoring 90 out of 100, as all pay the delegates fees. Therefore, they may have a feeling,  why should spend thousands of rupees to undergo such treatment. Therefore, if these basics are not taken care of, days are near for the history  congress to wind up their activities.

How to strengthen History Congresses?: Having attended more than 700 national and international conferences, seminars, workshops, and other academic meetings, gatherings etc., presented 700 papers, published 300 papers, and personally interacted with thousands of students, faculties, historians, archaeologists etc., I would like to submit the following to the organizers, conductors of the history congresses:

1. Plan systematically about the delegates reception, transport accommodation, food, kit with list of papers, academic sessions etc., in advance.
2. There is no meaning in forming so many committees with all A to Z names, but, with “do not care” towards delegates.
3. Take enough money, but, provide reasonable accommodation, food, transport etc.
4. With experience, I can tell with delegate fees, sponsorship, donation etc., the organizers get enough money and therefore, there is no problem in proving such facilities.
5. Satisfying coterie type people and harassing others is not the way of conduct of any congress, seminar or conference.
6. By sharing, cooking for 100s / 1000s, a lot of money can be saved, therefore, they should provide to the delegates back.
7. If they cannot or not able to do so, do not conduct, keep quite.
8. By getting delegates or crowd only, you can conduct and therefore, the organizers cannot ignore or harass delegates.
9. The delegates incur thousands of rupees by coming from distant places. The serious delegates would definitely feel and understand the mishandling of the proceedings.
10. Therefore, plan, take care of the delegates and conduct, otherwise forget the tamasha, jathra or get-together like gatherings.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

21-01-2020

[1] Murty, M. L. K., ed. Pre-and Protohistoric Andhra Pradesh up to 500 bc. Vol. 1. Orient Blackswan, 2003, p.89, 104.

[2] Juleff, G., Sharada Srinivasan, and S. Ranganathan. Pioneering Metallurgy: The origins of iron and steel making in the Southern Indian subcontinent Telangana Field Survey Interim Report 2011, National Institute of Advanced Studies, 2011.

[3] K.P. Rao, Iron Age Culture in South India: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in Akinori Uesugi (ed.), Iron Age in South Asia, Archaeological Research Institute, Kansai University, 2018, pp.129-144.

[4] His  paper – summary – has been printed in the Souvenir of the Telangana History Congress, the Annual Conference 2020, p.34.

The 23rd Session of Tamil Nadu History Congress held at the Periyar University, Salem from September 30th to October 2nd, 2016

The 23^rd Session of Tamil Nadu History Congress held at the Periyar University, Salem from September 30^th to October 2^nd, 2016

Periyar University entrance – TNHC held

The Periyar University[1]: The Twenty Third Session of the Tamil Nadu History Congress was held under the auspices of the Department of History, Periyar University, Salem on 30th September, 1st and 2nd October 2016. The Government of Tamil Nadu established the Periyar University at Salem on 17^th September 1997, named after E.V.Ramasamy known as ‘Periyar”, as per the provisions of the Periyar University Act, 1997, covering the area comprising the districts of Salem, Namakkal, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri. The University got the 12(B) and 2f status from the University Grants Commission and has been reaccredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade in 2015. The University aims at developing knowledge in various fields to realize the maxim inscribed in the logo “Arival Vilayum Ulagu” (Wisdom Maketh World).” The primary objective is the “Holistic development of the students”. It is located on the National Highway (NH7) towards Bangalore at about 8 Kms from New Bus Stand, Salem, well connected by frequent city bus services linking Salem and other places like, Omalur, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri and Mettur.

Periyar-university-guest-house where food arrangement was made. EC members and others were also accommodated

The History department of the Periyar University[2]: The Department of History has been established in the year 2015, i.e, just one year back, in the School of Social Sciences. The Department of History offers two year post-graduate M.A. programme under the guidance of Prof. (Dr.) C. Swaminathan, Vice-chancellor, Periyar University[3]. Incidentally, headed by a Tamil Professor Tamilmaran. As it has been started recently, only few students have joined to pursuit the study of history.

registration-membership – some Life member names found missing

registration-delegate-fees of Rs. 1,000/- collected

The Office nearers of TNHC[4]: The office bearers of the session are as follows:

General Secretary : Dr. N. Rajendran

General President: Dr. C. Balakrishnan  (did not attend)

Vice-Presidents : Dr. S.N. Nageswara Rao, Dr. V. Renganivas, Dr.P.Sabapathy, Joint- Secretaries : Dr. B. Maria John, Dr. T. Lakshmanamoorthy, Mr.D.Sandeep Kumar Treasurer : Dr. S.S. Sundaram

Editor : Dr. M. Raziya Parvin

Advisory Committee : Dr. P. Jagadeesan, Dr. A. Chandrasekaran, Dr.C.K.Sivaprakasam

Executive Committee Members:

1.       Dr. T. Abdul Khadar 2.      Dr. A.Chandra Bose 3.      Dr. C.Chandra Sekar 4.      Dr. Mohamad Nazar 5.      Dr. E. Mohan 6.      Dr. N. Muhamad Husain 7.      Dr. R. Muthukumaran 8.     Dr. P. Nagoor Kani

9.      Dr. M.C.Raja 10.  Thiru. K.V. Ramakrishna Rao 11.   Dr. S. Ravichandran 12.  Dr. R. Saravanan 13.  Dr. R. Stanislas 14.  Dr. K.M. Subramaniam 15.   Dr. A.Thanappan 16.  Dr. K.Venkatesan

General President for the Twenty Third Session: Dr. T.M.Kumaresan.

1. Periyar Auditorium, 2. Pride Building – Senate Hall, 3. Pride Block – Economics Hall, 4. Old science building – Periyr-university-location-google-map

Sectional Presidents[5]: The Political and Administrative History, Social and Economic History, Historiography, Archaeology, Art and Cultural History sections were held as follows: The locations 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been marked in the Google map as shown above.

Sl.No	History section	President	Location
1	Political and Administrative History	Dr. C.Thomas	Arts  block seminar hall
2	Social and Economic History	Dr. H.Munavarjan	Pride block – Senate Hall
4	Historiography	Dr. Shankar Goyal	Pride RHS – Economics seminar Hall –
3	Archaeology, Art and Cultural History	Dr. P.D. Balaji	Old Science block

stage-compering-30-09-2016

30-09-2016-stage-lhs

30-09-2016-stage-rhs

30-09-2016-audience-view

30-09-2016-audience-view-lhs

30-09-2016-audience-view-lhs-backside

The Conference was inaugurated by C. Swaminathanan, as Y. Sudharshan Rao, Chairman of ICHR could not come due to health reasons. T. M. Kumaresan was made the General President. Dr.V.Balambal, Former Professor, Department of Indian History, University of Madras, was honoured by the THNC-2016 as “Historian”. The proceedings volume of the last session was released by C. Swaminathanan. The inagural session was going on till 1.30 pm. After lunch, the paper-reading sessions started at the places as shown in the table above.

TNHC endowment lecture by Maria John and Venkatrman

endowment-lecture-30-09-2016-audience

endowment-lecture-30-09-2016-audience-rhs

Endowment lectures (30-09-2016, evening): Evening, the TNHC Endowment Lecture established by the Government Arts College, Coimbatore, was delivered by Dr. B. Maria John, Former Professor & Head, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli on “Linguistic states and National Integration in India”. Dr. G.Viswanathan, Endowment Lecture established by the Dr.G.Viswanathan, Former Vice-Chancellor, Education University, Chennai, was delivered by Dr. G. Venkataraman, Former Professor & Head, Department of Indian History University of Madras, Chennai on “Contribution of women to India’s Freedom Movement”. It was followed by the cultural programme performed by the local college students.

01-10-2016-socio-ecomic-with-sandeepkumar-dasari

socio-economic-paper-reading-30-09-2016

socio-economic-30-09-2016

The second day proceedings (01-10-2016): The paper-reading sessions went on at the places as indicated above. The listed papers were as follows:

Sl.No	History section	No. of papers
1	Political and Administrative History	49
2	Social and Economic History	49
4	Historiography	17
3	Archaeology, Art and Cultural History	34

Many did not turn out and some of the new comers joined the fray to present their papers hurriedly. Most of them presented topics of the nature of rehassing the stuff already available.

1. General nature of papers like Sarojini Naidu, Velu Nachiyar (two papers), Muthulakshmi Reddy, P.J.Abdul Kalam.
2. While some complained about their papers missing in the “List of papers”[6], though sent two months back some papers were listed twice e.g., –
   1. Muhammed Ameen – “Political and Administrative History, Madhuri Sultanate” (sic) [p.no.2 and 4].
   2. Sivasankari’s paper was listed twice in Political-Admn (p.no.6) and Archaeology-Art (p.n0.20).
   3. Anthonysamy in historiography (p.22 and 23)
   4. Selvakumar – two in English and another in Tamil (p.no.5, 6 and 7)
3. Some papers had been of repetitive nature appearing same.
4. Incidentally, Dr Shankar Goyal from Jodhpur does not know Tamil, but, papers were presented in Tamil in his session not only the listed ones. But also, later added from other sections e.g, “Social and Economic History”. Either the sectional presidents should be chosen properly or the papers listed, distributed and accommodated suitably.

01-10-2016-symposium evening

01-10-2016-symposium-stage-another-view

01-10-2016-symposium-audience

01-10-2016-symposium-audience-another-view

ICHR sponsored symposium (01-10-2016): The symposium on “Evolving Kongu society and economy from pre-modern to modern state” was held on October 1^st evening at Senate Hall from 5 .30 to 7.30 pm and the following presented their papers against the topic mentioned[7]:

Sl.No	Person spoke / delivered lecture	Topic
1	Dr. N. Rajendran	Situating Freedom Movement in the Kongu Region
2	Dr. N. Athiyaman	Kongu Region during early Historic period in the light of Vienna Papyrus Document
3	Prof. N. Kanakarathnam	-Did not turn up –
4	Dr. S. Rajavelu	Migration of Kongu Vellalas and their original home on the light of inscriptions
5	Chinthanai Kavingar Dr. Kavidasan	Kongu Society and Culture

Imitation of a Venetian coin, made in India, c.1675-1850 – holed and used as pendant

A Discussion about “Roman coins in India”: When Adhiyaman presented his paper, the question of “Roman coins” in India had again cropped up[8], as there was a discussion about it in the 9^th National Conference on Maritime Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries held at the Tamil University on February 20^th and 21^st 2016. At that time when Roberta Tumbler presented her paper there, the question was discussed. As for as the Roman coins were concerned, first she mentioned that “……….the few items of similar value ……….was gold and silver – which was traded in the form of coinage”, however, “In most cases these coins were not used monetarily, but as bullion.” This was pointed out by many scholars[9]. In other words, Indians purchased or exchanged them as scrap for melting and rarely used as pendants. That is why some coins found had holes, but, interestingly, they were duplicate and manufactured dated to 18^th cent. CE. Her over emphasis about the usage of vessels by Indians and forceful interpretation about them were also intriguing. P. L. Gupta pointed out about the bullion value of circulation of Roman coins in India along with wine and women. Very often, faithful Indian women were contrasted with venal Roman women[10]. Of course, many western scholars have also pointed out as to how the Roman women were so crazy about Indian beryls for their ear-drops[11]. How pepper import from India drained their annual bullion – 50 million sesterces[12] – was also well known. Contact with India affected bullion prices within Roman territories and Eastern trade developed, the Roman monetary system became less representative of actual bullion values on the Roman market[13].  When the Roman Empire collapsed, their coins were traded for metal value. As barter system was there, the European, Arab and African merchants were using metals as means of buying India goods. It has to be noted that when the ancient civilizations rose, fell and disappeared, the Indian civilization has been continuing attracting the other civilizations.

Roman-coins-treated-as-bullion-and-not-as-currency

The Third day proceedings (02-10-2016): The paper-reading session went on up to 11am. Then, there was general body meeting held the Senate hall till 12.00 pm. The valedictory function started immediately. Prof Dr M. Bhaskaran, VC of Tamil Nadu Open University was the Chief guest facilitated. In his speech, as usual the dilemma of the question of “history” subject haunted, as he was explaining about the development of Science and Technology in the digital domination. After lunch, the delegates started going to their destinations.  Thus, the 23^rd session of TNHC was over, but, the members would be meeting again in 2017 at Pondicherry as decided.

K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

04-10-2016

02-10-2016-valedictory-function

02-10-2016-valedictory-function-audience

[1] http://www.periyaruniversity.ac.in/?page_id=7

[2] http://www.tnhc.org.in/docs/circulars/circular2_2016.pdf

[3] http://www.periyaruniversity.ac.in/?page_id=2973

[4] http://www.tnhc.org.in/docs/circulars/circular1_2016.pdf

 

[5] http://www.periyaruniversity.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Invitation-Final.pdf

[6] List of Papers issued by the hosting Department of History, Periyar University of 23 pages.

[7] http://www.periyaruniversity.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Invitation-final-1.pdf

[8] https://kvramakrishnarao.wordpress.com/2016/02/29/the-proceedings-of-the-9th-national-conference-on-marine-archaeology-of-indian-ocean-countries-held-at-the-tamil-university-thanjavur-on-february-20th-and-21st-2016/

[9] Steven E. Sidebotham,   Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa: 30 B.C.-A.D. 217, Leiden E. J. Brill, 1986, p.28.

[10] Grant Parker, The Making of Roman India, Cambridge University Press, London, 2008, 91.

[11] Michael Grant, Roman History from Coins: Some Uses of the Imperial Coinage to the Historian, Cambridge University Press, 1968, p.84

[12] A silver or bronze coin of ancient Rome equivalent to one fourth of a denarius

[13] Raoul McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and china, Continuum, New Zealand, 2010, p.169.