Buried temple found during sand mining and digging, which was reportedly covered by the sand dunes due to the change of Pennar River course!

Buried temple found during sand mining and digging, that was reportedly covered by the sand dunes due to the change of Pennar River course!

Buried temple found during the sand mining activities at Pennar River bed: An ancient temple of Sri Nageswara Swamy, constructed approximately 200 years ago and remained buried under the sand of Penna river, at Perumallapadu of Chejarala Mandal of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, for almost 80 years now, has been unearthed. While it remains debated whether or not the temple is 200 or 300 years old, a few things are certain. According to Ancient Origins, the temple is dedicated to Lord Nageswara, an avatar of the God Shiva. The temple, which according to the legend was consecrated by Lord Parasurama, an avatara of Lord Vishnu, got buried over a long period of time as the river Penna changed its course[1]. The brick structure may have got submerged in sand dunes probably after the 1850 floods, Archaeology Assistant Director Ramasubba Reddy felt[2]. He said the higher officials would inspect the site soon and decide on the excavation and preservation works. The officials of the Archaeology and Endowments departments said they would work out a plan to restore the temple respecting the sentiments of the villagers. Thus, the change of course of Penna River has been an important event in the history of geology or geoarchaeology for study. The related experts could have gone there to study, but, nothing appeared thereafter.

Another version reported that the youth of the village started digging to find the buried temple: In June 2020, this was the news and many were interestingly observing as to what would happen next. The villagers claimed, because of the pandemic, they were spending time at their homes, but some youth had gone to search for the buried temple and started digging[3]. The temple saw the light of the day during sand excavations carried out by villagers of Perumallapadu of Chejarala Mandal of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh[4]. According to reports, the villagers became curious after some locals stumbled on a few small structures of the temple when they took up digging recently in sand reaches[5]. But, it was actually, the sand mining workers suddenly came across the structure, while they were removing sand with earth-moving equipments. Of course, the sand mining activities have been going on for many years, as this has been a crores-producing profitable business. As they kept digging deep, they could unearth an entire temple of ancient times[6]. So whether the temple reappeared due to the intentional digging of the village youth or the sand mining, the fact remains about the buried temple.

Pennar River changed course and the temple was buried to disappear: Amused by their discovery, the local residents made enquiries in the surrounding villages about the historical significance of this temple. During their research, some village elders confirmed the existence of the temple on the river bed several decades back. The temple was well known two-three generations ago. It was filled up by the sand almost 80 years ago, locals said[7]. Some enthusiastic villagers collected money and started searching for this temple. It took almost one day to find out the pinnacle of the temple[8]. But it got gradually covered under a sheet of sand which used to get deposited every time Penna river received floods during the rainy season[9]. And that explained how the existence of the ancient temple was completely erased. That is during the course of time, probably after three generations, even history is forgotten. Nowadays, none is able to remember their great-grand fathers and mothers, except some old people might remember. Under such circumstances, it is important that we should record the memories of our elders, particularly, who have been above 70 to 100, as they could give first-hand information about the events that happened from 1900 to 1960. Nowadays, it has to be noted that even the near-past events are interpreted differently, ccording to the whims and fancies of the ideologists.

What villagers of  Perumallapadu in Chejarla Mandal said: “Along with the Sri Nageswara Swamy temple, two other temples — Kotiteertham temple and Sangam Sivalayam — in the district were constructed at the same time[10]. Thus, they say that 108 temples were built by Parasurama and so on. All the temple rituals including daily pooja to the deity used to be performed at Sri Nageswara Swamy temple 200 years ago[11]. But it gradually got covered under sand and completely vanished[12]. Now, some youngsters dug up the sand only to accidentally rediscover the temple. We have plans to refurbish the temple to renew daily pooja rituals. We have already contacted priests and based on their advice, we will take a decision,” villagers of  Perumallapadu in Chejarla Mandal said[13]. “Then one day, a man Galipala Sudarsan initiated to bring this temple out. The sanctum sanctorum is much deeper and the area in which it was found is Mukha Mantapam. We are now planning to re-construct the temple but where it should be made is the dilemma. We have to check the condition and status of Lord Shiva’s idol. We will seek advice from the elders and the priests,” he added[14].

Now again the temple has been forgotten: As the news of the Nageswara Swamy temple being unearthed in Perumallapadu village spread like wildfire, people from many neighbouring villages flocked to the area to catch a glimpse of it and began offering prayers. However, as the news shot up and started getting the attention of many, in the same way, some vested interested groups wanted to huss up and silence the issue. First, the ASI and state Archaeological authorities might get into problems, as they could not give any permission  for such activities taking place near to the sites at a distance of 100 kms. Note that the Archaeology Assistant Director Ramasubba Reddy said the higher officials would inspect the site soon and decide on the excavation and preservation works. The officials of the Archaeology and Endowments departments said they would work out a plan to restore the temple respecting the sentiments of the villagers. But, what happened thereafter is not known and there has not been any report by the archaeological department. Therefore, the local authorities, immediately sprung into action and started stopping the people going there, doing pujas etc., they also stopped youth and others by collecting funds and initiative to renovate the temple.

Historians, archaeologists and related experts can take action to know the follow-up proceedings?: Moreover, it is also claimed that some trust own the area that has been subjected to sand mining. In other words, others cannot come there, enter or encroach to carry out such activities. Moreover, news is spread, even if renovation is done, because of the depth, the temple would be again buried under the sands. Yet, some other argued that the temple itself own many lands and therefore, none need to give any funds, if the authorities, properly implement legal procedure, everything would be carried out peacefully, as the local village people assert. But, the news has now forgotten and none talks about the temple. Above all, it is not known what the historians, archaeologists and other experts who used make a hue and cry about the losing importance of history, have done in this regard.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

16-04-2023

---

[1] The Hindu, Historical temple unearthed in Nellore, S  Murali, June 16, 2020 11:25 pm | Updated June 18, 2020 02:11 pm IST.

[2] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/historic-temple-unearthed-in-nellore/article31846032.ece

[3] Sakshi Post, 200-Year-Old Temple Buried In Penna River Bed Unearthed, Sakshi Post, 17 Jun, 2020 18:48 IST|

[4] https://m.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/villagers-ap-unearth-200-year-old-temple-buried-penna-sand-120302

[5] News18.com, Ancient Lord Shiva Temple Found During Sand Mining in Andhra’s Nellore, Last Updated: JUNE 17, 2020, 16:04 IST.

[6] https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/ancient-lord-shiva-temple-found-during-sand-mining-in-andhras-nellore-2674173.html

[7] ANI, Ancient Lord Nageswara temple unearthed in Nellore, | Updated: Jun 17, 2020 09:48 IST.

[8] https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ancient-lord-nageswara-temple-unearthed-in-nellore20200617094851/

[9] Republic World, Ancient Lord Nageswara Temple Unearthed In Andhra Pradesh’ Nellore District During Mining, City News, Written By Pritesh Kamath. Last Updated: 17th June, 2020 15:40 IST.

[10] https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/city-news/nageswara-temple-shiva-temple-nellore-andhra-pradesh-chejarla-mandal.html

[11] Archaeology-network, Historical Shiva temple found during sand mining in Andhra Pradesh\s Nellore District, Tann, 2020-06-20.

[12] https://archaeonewsnet.com/2020/06/historical-shiva-temple-found-during.html

[13] The hitavada, Ancient Lord Nageswara temple unearthed in Nellore, Date :18-Jun-2020.

[14] https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/6/18/Ancient-Lord-Nageswara-temple-unearthed-in-Nellore.html

Recent Advances in South Indian Archaeology – The 2nd International Symposium in memory of Iravatham Mahadevan – 12-03-2023 – Maritime contacts between south India and SEA, temple structure, – etc (8)

Recent Advances in South Indian Archaeology – The 2^nd International Symposium in memory of Iravatham Mahadevan – 12-03-2023 – Maritime contacts between south India and SEA, temple structure, –  etc (8)

12-03-2023 – Sunday- Third-day session: First, the archaeology officers of the department presented papers about the excavation works carried on at different places for the year 2021-2022 with photographs, as announced by the organizer, Rajan.. These details have been reported in the media regularly and much publicity has already been given by the CM, Ministers, MPs etc.  Now, the following presented their papers:

1. Asaithambi – Excavation at Mayiladuparai, Krishnagiri dist, 2021-2022.
2. S. Paranthaman – Perumbalai excavation, Dharmapuri dist, 2021-2022.
3. Nandagopal, Gangaikonda Chalapuram,, Udaiyarpalayam, Ariyalur, 2021-2022.
4. Vasanthakumar – Tulukkarpatti, Radhapuram Taluk, Tirunelveli, 2021-2022.

After the presentation, Rajan also briefed about the excavations and informed that the officers were presenting their papers for the first time. About “Tulukkarpatti,” there was some discussion – how the place got the name, were thee any Islamic activities there and so on. Actually, V. Selvakumar started asking such questions.

Veena Mushrif Tripathy and Mhachami Ovung presented a paper on “Human skeletal studies on partial collection from Kondagai site, Tamilnadu: its future scope.”

Berenice Bellina presented her paper on “Early maritime exchange between South India and South East Asia – Mid 1^st Millennium BCE – 1^st Millennium CE”: During the period under study, India witnessed the emergence of several mature states: the Mauryas, Kushanas and the Guptas in North India, and the Satavahanas in the Deccan. South India also contained some powerful chiefdoms such as the Cheras, Cholasand the Pandyas, some of which emerged as urbanized kingdoms such as that of thePallavas, who ruled modern-day Tamil Nadu during the third/fourth to the ninth centuries CE. Despite the political plurality, what mattered for trade was the codification of crafts under guilds, which acted as banks and places for investment and the monetarization of parts of the economy, as shown by the wide range of coins issued by cities in different areas. Trade based on profit is well described in the Arthasastra, and an elaborate bureaucracy developed, especially in the Mauryan state. There was a considerable development of both overland and maritime trade routes, although with many regional variations in the organization of trade. The period also saw the rise of specialized trading communities (vanijas and setthis) in the middle Ganga Valley, dealing in salt, textiles, metals and pottery.

She was comparing the artefacts…

The newly spreading cults of Buddhism and Jainism accepted the accumulation and reinvestment of wealth; a concept quite alien to the culture of the earlier Vedic period in which reciprocal exchange of the “prestige goods” type had been the normal method of distributing exotic and luxury items. Long-distance trade between the agricultural hinterland of the middle Ganga Valley, ports such as Gange and Tamralipti in the Delta,and those at the mouth of the Narmada Valley on the west coast such as Broach (Barygazain the Periplus), developed rapidly at this time. The gem fields and gold-rich deposits of South India were quickly integrated into these trading systems.

analysis of industries, products….

With a lack of written records, we cannot analyse in the same detail as India, the structure of exchange within Southeast Asia for the thousand years from the fifth century BCE onwards. Good archaeological documentation is still scarce and we depend over-much on models based on analogies from more recent historical and ethnographic situations. For instance, Bronson, Wheatley, Wolters, Miksic and Wisseman Christie have all proposed evolutionary or structural models for Southeast Asian exchange systems.6 Although useful, these are generalized and abstract and, for the most part, lack firm support from empirical data from the past. However, we know that late prehistoric settlements of the second and early first millennia BCE in Mainland Southeast Asia regularly occur in small stream valleys which feed the major river systems.

locally produced goods with Indian technology……………………….

These, perhaps quite isolated, villages were linked by far-reaching exchange networks which saw marine shell ornaments being taken over 1,000 km from the coast, and copper and tin ingots and artefacts entering communities far removed from the ore sources. Marble, marine shell, serpentine and other rare stone material, ceramics and doubtless many perishable items exchanged hands along the river systems. As Higham makes clear, the middle of the first millennium BCE in southeast Asia was a period of profound economic, social and political change. The Iron Age in Southeast Asia was marked by increases in wealth and social complexity leading to powerful territorial polities. Large or valuable objects, such as Dong Son bronze drums and nephrite ornaments from Vietnam, arrived by sea to enter long-established exchange routes along the rivers. Thus, it is evident that intra and inter-regional exchange routes were well-developed before they were linked to the more developed South Asian trading systems. Wisseman Christie has argued for the emergence of three clusters of producer-trading states in Peninsular Malaysia during late centuries BCBC.7 But throughout most of Southeast Asia at this time, the highest level of political organization was what might be called chiefly society, or at best some nascent states in which and barter and gift-giving were likely to have been the principal modes of exchange, since there is no evidence for coinage. In central Vietnam, the Sa-Huynh Culture probably represented a culturally-related series of chiefdoms which were closely involved in overseas trade, as shown by the theSa-Huynh, or Sa-Huynh influenced, artefacts and urn burials widely distributed in the Philippines, northern Indonesia and parts of Thailand.

imports, exports common…

The technological study presented here concludes that the adaptation of what was perceived in foreign cultures as a carrier of modernity and sophistication resulted in the creation of a ‘trans-regional ’élite whose identity was based on common reinterpreted foreign cultural values and practices. This study has also identified some of the social groups involved as well as characterising the exchanges. In particular, it identified the circulation of Indian productions made to order, as well as the direct involvement of some Indian craft castes (the Brahmans). Both raise the question of the Indian response to South-east Asian demands. They imply that the South-east Asian agencies were far from passive in the process since they werein position to orientate the exchange by their specific orders.

trade guilds worked together……

The transfer of Indian politico-religious features as well as of manufacturing techniques imply periods of close and lasting interaction between India and South-east Asia. It is likely that the South-east Asian élite not only wanted to possess the status markers but also the means to produce them, such as the craftsmen who could transfer their knowledge or the Brahmans who could provide legitimising rituals. The identification of the possible presence of Indian craftsmen in South-east Asia, as I propose for the early port site of Khao Sam Kaeo, could provide clues on the modes of transfers and on the nature of interactions. Now it remains to define the stages of these interactions, a goal to which the study of the site of Khao Sam Kaeo could provide answers. This study of the earliest evidence for exchange between India and South-east Asia also anticipates an affect on the economy, urbanisation and state formation – matters which remain to be investigated.

With ceramic, glass, metallic artefacts found, she was pointing out that there were contacts between the trading people of the Coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal and that of the SEA countries. The artefacts were locally manufactured perhaps with the expertise received from the Indians, as they exhibited clear Indian influence. Even required raw materials could have been imported from India that included Ceylon / Sri Lanka in those days. An alliance among / between the ports of Bay of Bengal could have also been existing, as the traders were moving periodically from the Indian coasts and travelling across the ocean to reach SEA countries and China also. The trade guilds that existed clearly point to such fact.

Ramakrishna Pisipathy – Recent Archaeological investigations in Lower Palar river: Palar is a river of southern India. It rises in the Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapuradistrict of Karnataka state and flows 222 km southeastward through Tamil Nadu before reaching its confluence into the Bay of Bengal at Vayalur about 100 km south of Chennai. Of the seven tributaries, the chief tributary is the CheyyarRiver and the Vegavati. Kanchipuram, one of the ancient cities is located on thebanks of the Palar and Vegavti river.Kanchipuram (13.40’N & 76.25’E 12.98°N 79.71°E,) is one of the important centers and hub for many satellite centers with urban features in the south by the time of early centuries of the present era. Like all ancient cities in India,Kanchipuram is also situated on the banks of river, Vegavati, a split channel ofthe Palar river which is connected to the Bay of Bengal (east coast). It has anelevation of 83.2 m (273 ft) above sea level and the flat land with slopes towards the south and east. All suitable geographical setup of the region has been utilized by the human beings from the very beginning. Recent studies are further strengthening the potentiality of the region in not only as an early lithic centre but also a hub of continues human activities in the region, even till now.

V. Selvakumar – Architecture of Southern India and roof-tiles of Historical period: he described various roof-tiles used in different periods starting with prehistoric period. Of course for such period, there was no evidence. Fr Neolithic and other periods were also, roof might have been there, but not tiles. With the existing medieval structures, he was trying to interpret that older structures too had such tiled-roof. Here also his interpretation that “Katrali” to have a roof was a privilege and so on.

Santhalingam (on-line), Madurai. Recent epigraphical evidences in Pandyanadu: He was interpreting with different inscriptions.

Shanti Pappu – Excavations at Sendrayanpalayam (SEN), Tamilnadu: New perspective on the Lower Paleolithic: They have been doing the work for the last 25 years with facilities of laboratory and studies. They have been carrying out prehistoric excavations, research, teaching and educating with training also. They have been excavating at different pprehistoric sites by locating using scientific methodology. The “Site” itself becomes crucial in archaeology, to definite and realize specifically.  Sendrayanplayam is about a two-hour-drive from Chennai in southern India. The Sendrayanpalayam site is fairly well-preserved and represents a slightly different environment relative to Attirampakkam. Studying more such places could help show when and how humans came to live and adapt in south India.

Kumar Akhilesh, Mohamed Sahrumi, Prchi Joshi and Shanti Pappu – Excavations at Senarayanpalayam (SEN), Tamilnadu: New perspective on the Lower Paleolithic:..The group presented the above details in different perspective…and most of these details are available in the internet.

Ansumali Mukhopadhyay – Indus script signs for gold, gold measuring unit, and treasury: Taxed commodities and tax collecting entities encoded in Indus inscriptions: Taking some symbols, she tried to interpret .Ansumali Mukhopadhyay  has alredy published the same and similar papers and they are available in the internet for downloading. S. Kalyanaraman and others have also been working on the same lies for more than 40-50 years and their published papers and books are also available.

Satyamurthy taking the example of Veppattur temple, he explained how an old temple existed…..

The depilated super structure on an elevated place….

T. Satyamurthy: Architectural tradition of Tamilnadu: Distinctions and recent trends: Temple structures could not have come into existence suddenly. There must have been many processes of evolution for such structure to come into existence. Based on the inscription of Mahendr varman (610-630 CE), “This brickless, timberless, metalless and mortarless mansion of Laksita was caused to be made by king Vicitracitta for Brahma, Isvara and Visnu”, it is believed that temple architecture came into existence in Tamilagam only during 7^th cent.CE. So here, except metal, other materials are perishable and hence during the course of times, they were disappearing and temples rebuilt. There are many references in Sangam literature about the existence of structures. With the Veppattur depilated temple taking scnned pictures, three-layered paintings, size of the bricks used etc., he proved that the Sanpam period temple was in existence and it was abandoned due to some reason and now, it has been renovated and restored.

he compared the super structure, bricks etc.,

how it existed through, Pallava, Chola and Vijayanagara………..is shown with evidences…..

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

16-03-2023.

The proceedings of the National seminar Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India or Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints held at Acharya Nagarjuna University on March 1st and 2nd 2023 (3)

The proceedings of the National seminar Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India or Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints held at Acharya Nagarjuna University on March 1^st and 2^nd 2023 (3)

01-03-2023 (Wednesday) – afternoon session: Afternoon, the second session, the following papers were presented:

Speaker / paper presenter	Title of the paper	Page no.
P. D. Satya Paul[1]	Title – not known, not listed / included in the “Abstracts” He spoke twice for nearly two hours….	?
K. V. Ramakrishna Rao[2]	The Sectarian encounters between the Buddhist and Jain faiths during the Medieval period for commercialization and communalization	34-35

P. D. Satya Paul delved upon the communal Hinduism criticizing P.V. Kane who carried on the Maxmueller’s project, Dr S. Radhakrishan for his opinion about Buddha (Buddha’s movement was a protestant type of reformative Hinduism) and Swami Vivekananda for perpetuating caste. He was suggesting about a “proto-sramanic” tradition before IVC, based on which, the Buddhism could have been evolved.

Getting ready for power-point…..

K. V. Ramakrishna Rao presented his paper, “The Sectarian encounters between the Buddhist and Jain faiths during the Medieval period for commercialization and communalization,” based on the medieval inscriptions, sculptures, paintings and literature. The question of “Himsa and Ahimsa” (violence and non-violence), karma, atma, rebirth etc., the following issues were discussed:

• Why Jainism and Buddhism flourished before and after the “golden period” of the Guptas?:
• What happened between the Arab / Mohammedan invasion and European intrusion during the 12^th to 16^th centuries?:
• The impact of the Europeans on the Jains and Buddhists during the medieval period
• The psychology of Non-violence and violence
• A Dispute between the Mahayana Buddhists and Digambar Jains over Mt Girnar (Gujarat), where all sectarian groups had encounters
• Internal and inherent factors are also responsible for the decline of Jainism and Buddhism
• Transition of faiths in Andhradesa and clash of faiths
• The Jaina-Buddhist conflicts in Karnataka and Tamilagam
• Ahimsavadis – Jains and Buddhists eating flesh
• Vegetarianism, non-vegetarianism and Jaina-Buddha dynasties
• Rivalry among the Business men and Priests
• Dynasties following sectarian faiths and their transition
• Sectarian faiths made talented workers to loose their identity
• Rivalry Among the Jains and Saivites or Sculptors and Agriculturalists?:
• Brahmins versus non-Brahmins
• Sectarian conflicts recorded in the inscriptions
• Oil, oil-mill and their euphemism in Jainism
• Was there any nexus between Jains and extremist groups like Kapalika, Kalamuka etc?:
• Syncretism, eclectism and inculturation
• In-lieu of conclusion – Commercialization and communalization of sectarianism

The Jaina monks that were defeated in the debates were punished based on their agreed condition……

This type of sculptures are found in many temples…….

Then, the following conclusions were drawn:

It could be noted in the most of the sectarian encounters of whatever nature, whether it was philosophical debate, theological polemics, right over property, manufacture and production of goods and services, imports and exports, monopoly of trade route and related issues. Thus, the following features could easily be noted working:

• Commercialization and communalization of sectarianism had been the hallmark of medieval inland and oversea trade and commerce.
• As more and more goods and services had to be manufactured and produced, more labourers, workers and technicians were required for carrying out various assembly, fabrication and construction activities.
• Such experts had to be trained, organized and made to work according the exigencies, emergencies and requirements at national and international obligations.
• Thus, such experts had to be faithful, loyal and obedient to the authority, rulers and government.
• Here, the merchant guilds, trade groups and commercialized communal organizations worked effectively aiding and abetting the rulers.
• Accordingly, most of them had to be polyglots, dubashis, sailors, warriors, pirates and profiteers also.
• Under such compulsions, complexities and commitments, social, political, commercial and maritime set-up, the moral, ethic and code of conduct were relegated to background, operated selectively and sectarianism ruled roost.
• The violators of their own imposed acts and rules were punished, prosecuted and even killed without any mercy, but, all carried on in the name of faith and religion only.
• Finally, syncretism had taken place to accommodate all deities, idols or the defied symbols in the places of worship.

Such depiction is found in the Buddhist paintings also…..

There was a discussion and questions by the Chair and Satya Paul and the paper presenter clarified. They questioned about the mentioning of Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and Asoka as grandfather, father and son, but, I do not find any chronological or historical issue in the lineage.

Then, the former HOD of the department, who presided over the session, was facilitated.

Former HOD of the Mahayana Buddhism centre was facilitated.

02-03-2023 (Thursday) – second day proceedings:

Speaker / paper presenter	Title of the paper	Page no.
Yadhava Raghu[3]	Dasa movement and its impact on Telugu villages bordering Karnataka: a case of Pyalakurthy village, Kurnool district[4].	37-38 46
John Weasley[5]	Siddha cults in South India.	57
Sugandha[6]	The Buddhist perspective of social sratification	5 8
N. Kanakaratnam[7]	Caste revenge on adigas and Malas.	60
Eluri Harshavardhan[8]	Egalitarian ideals of Buddhism: A repository of counter discourse in Andhradesa	49

About dasa, dasari, dasari caste etc: Dasari is a Vaishnava mendicant caste in Telangana region and Andhra Pradesh, India. They are involved in various business, trades, poojas, marriage rituals, plays and agriculture. Their traditional work is in temple service. They perform death rites in burial grounds as their main occupation. Some of them work as day laborers. They are landless. Some of the Dasari Mala work in business and agriculture. They use both modern and traditional medicines. They are not vegetarians and eat rice as a staple food. The Dasari Mala prefer marriage between cousins. The bereaved and divorced can marry again. The dead are buried rather than cremated like most Hindus. On the death of the father, sons inherit the property with the oldest son taking charge of the family estate. They observe birth and marriage rituals. They are also known as Poosala Balija, Bukka Dasari, and Krishna Balija in different areas of their habitation. However, in Karnataka, how castes with similar sounding names can be mistaken can be noted. In Karnataka, the Dasari caste comes under Category-1 whereas Channa Dasar is SC. Similarly, Bhoyi is Category-1, but Bhovi is SC. Jangama comes under the general category, but Beda Jangama is SC. Therefore, just with the word, “Dasari,” one cannot come to any conclusion. Moreover, the paper readers started with Kanakadasa story and then switched over to the Pyalakurthy village, Kurnool Dist., to claim that the “Dasari caste” people there could be connected with the “dasaris” of Karnataka. Obviously, he is confused with “dasa” of Madhwa tradition, “Dasari” caste and other “Dasari” tradition (being obedient servant / slave.)

These are some of the Tamil Siddhar as found on the temple pillars etc., dated to later medieval and modern periods….

About Siddha, Siddhi, Cittam etc: The seminar brochure claims, “Siddha Tradition in South India was evolved out of Buddhist school of Vajrayana was more prevalent among the lower strata, strived to attain equality in religious sphere. Many Siddha cult centres of present Andhra and Telangana states including Siddhavatam, Siddeswaram, Siddula Guttalu etc. are the live examples for this phenomenon. The medieval text (14-15^th CE) in couplet form ‘Navanadha Charitra’ written by Gourana also mentioned about the Siddhas.” It is not known what is the proof to claim that “Siddha Tradition in South India was evolved out of Buddhist school of Vajrayana..,” as the Tamil Siddha tradition has nothing to do with any Buddhism.  Taking the word “Siddha”( సిద్ధ), the Telugu scholars, researchers and even historians try to link them with “Siddhar, Siddha medicine” and so on, whereas, the Tamil Siddha (சித்த, சித்தர்) nothing to do with. In the process it attempts to narrate the relationship of places like Mahendragiri (of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh) with sage Agastya (one of the very important Siddhars of Siddha medicine) and possible origins of very old common religion (Siva Siddhanla) propagated by Dakshinamurti, through his four disciples from this place. names like Siddha, Sangam, Nandi which are still used in the same sense as they were used from time immemorial. Without knowing the fundamentals, Tamil language and reading the texts of Tamil Siddhas, they misinterpret taking the words. Many list of the places, cities etc., with “సిద్ధ” in Telugu, go on interpret that all such places are connected with Siddhas since immemorial. Of course, they take the Agastya myth also for strengthening their argument.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

05-03-2023

These are imaginary pictures of 18- Tamil Siddhars…

---

[1] Department of Anthropology, Andhra University – Visakhapatnam – appears to be involved in Dalit, Christian and related studies.

[2] Guest faculty, University of Madras and Visiting faculty for Annamalai University, Research Scholar, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Madras, Chennai.

[3] Asst.Prof, History Dept, Sathya SaiUniversity for Human Excellence, Kalaburagi, Karnataka.

[4] His paper has been printed twice as shown – this shows the mechanical way of preparation of “Abstracts” without going into the details.

[5] Research scholar, Centre for Mahayana Buddhist Studies, ANU, AP.

[6] Research scholar, Centre for Mahayana Buddhist Studies, ANU, AP.

[7]  Professor, History, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana.

[8] Dept. of History and Archaeology, Dravidian University, Kuppam, AP.

The Idol-theft, temple desecration and illegal export of antique objects in Andhra and Telangana: Is it a political, politicized or organized racket? (3)

The Idol-theft, temple desecration and illegal export of antique objects in Andhra and Telangana: Is it a political, politicized or organized racket? (3)

May 29, 2021 – Kurnool – eight-member gang arrested: Owk police arrested a 6-member gang for allegedly practising witchcraft to unearth hidden treasure near Kanigiri Swamy temple premises in Yerramala forest[1]. Speaking to media persons on Friday, Owk Sub Inspector Jagadeeshwar Reddy said that six persons, Srinivasulu of Anantapur, Venkataramana of Owk, Dudekula Kadar Vali of Banaganapalle and Mekala Ramesh, Talari Hanumanthu and Golla Rangaswami of Goruman Palle in Kolimigundla after forming as a gang, tried to unearth hidden treasures near Kanigiri Swamy temple premises in Yerramala forest[2]. The 100-year-old Kanigiri Swamy temple is constructed in Yerramala forest zone, 8 kilometres away from Owk town. People will hardly visit the temple on normal days. Thus, they might have chosen such deserted and remote temples for looting.

Occult prayers and witchcraft practised to divine treasure: There was a rumour that precious treasures will be hidden beneath the temple or its surrounding areas. Believing the rumours, some treasure hunters used to dig the surrounding areas or demolish the age-old temples searching for hidden treasures. The six-member gang with greed to own the precious trove has sketched a plan to dig the temple premises. Taking the advantage of no one present on the temple premises, they first performed some occult prayers before commencing digging works. However, some locals noticed them and immediately brought it to the notice of the police, said the Sub-inspector. Based on the information, the police conducted a search operation at the forest zone. After a while of searching, all six members were caught and taken to the police station. A case has been filed under relevant sections and all accused would be sent to remand, stated the SI. Here, the local people appear to be honest and report to the police, so that the culprits were arrested.

April 12, 2021 – Nandi destroyed to find diamonds: Andhra Pradesh’s Chittoor police arrested 10 persons for stealing and destroying a Nandi idol from a temple in a Dalit colony in Jagamarla village, believing that diamonds were embedded inside it[3]. Police arrested M. Venkata Chalapathi (43), K. Srinivasulu (34), K. Hari (34), B. Sridhar (27), G. Venkatesh (24), P. Dasaradaiah (40), G. Narasimhulu (60), K. Ranga Babu (40), D. Prakash (34) and B. Munendra (29)[4]. On April 4, police received a complaint that the Nandi idol belonging to Vandana Malleswara Swamy temple, located in the Koundyana forest area near the Scheduled Tribes (ST) colony in Devalampeta locality of Jagamarla village in Palamaneru mandalam was stolen. Acting on temple priest S. Narasimhulu’s complaint, police registered a case under IPC Section 379 and started an investigation. Around 6.30 p.m. on Saturday, police received a tipoff that five people were moving suspiciously in the Jagamarla forest area, prompting the cops to round them up and question them. Chittoor superintendent of police (SP) S. Senthil Kumar said that Srinivasulu, also known as Ashwathama, belonging to Nagarkurnool district in Telangana and his local friend Hari from Kandada together went to check the idol on March 21, which they would eventually decamp with. Kumar said on March 26, Srinivasulu dispatched Hari, who along with Chalapathi, Sridhar, Venkatesh and Ranga Babu stole the idol and hid it in a pond at Gangasagaram village belonging to one Munindra.

The treasure hunters planned to do their job: The treasure hunters planned to break open the idol on March 27, 2021  but one of the thieves, Ranga Babu, came with Prakash Naidu, Narasimhulu, Dasaradhayya and Gopi to steal it again from the place where it was hidden. In the second theft of the idol, Ranga Babu and his accomplices stole it away to Poyya village in Thottembedu mandalam and buried it. On April 2, 2021 they dug out the idol and hammered it into pieces to find no diamonds in it. Since abandoning the idol pieces will raise suspicion, they threw the Nandi pieces in the Swarnamukhi river. “Gopi, who broke the idol into pieces died in a road accident three days ago while the remaining 10 accused have been arrested, along with the confiscation of an auto-rickshaw, one Tata Ace, three two-wheelers and the idol pieces,” he said. This incident comes in light of several alleged temple attacks which already rocked the southern state.

January 2021 – Police diaries reveal treasure hunters for Idols: The Indian Express looked at the case diaries of some of these cases, and found that treasure hunters were responsible for six of them. Director General of Police Damodar Goutam Sawang said 42 people had been arrested in these six cases[5]. Amid a political row in Andhra Pradesh over a series of incidents of vandalism of temples, with the ruling party and the Opposition pointing fingers at each other, The Indian Express has found that police investigations into these incidents show that the motive behind most of them was largely apolitical — from the hope of unearthing a treasure in one case to miscreants breaking into a temple in a drunken state in another[6]. However, Director General of Police D Gautam Sawang, however, said it was too early to comment on a possible political conspiracy behind the spate of attacks on temples[7].

Attack on temples: Andhra govt sets up SIT to investigate cases: As the temple desecration of all sorts became an issue, the Andhra govt decided to set up SIT to investigate cases[8]. Ranging from the destruction of idols of various Hindu gods and goddesses in Pithapuram in East Godavari district to the destruction of a statue of Lord Rama in Ramathiratham in Vijayanagaram district there were about 150 incidents in AP since January last year[9]. Incidents of burning of Prasanna Venkateswaraswamy temple chariot in Nellore, Lakshminarasimhaswamy chariots in Antarvedi and theft of silver lions of Sri Kanaka Durga temple chariot in Vijayawada have raised concerns among the people. Why are temples being attacked? Who is doing it? Investigative agencies have no answer to such questions. In the incident of destruction of the idol of Lord Rama in the Ramatirtham temple, silver ornaments of the deity were not stolen. This has happened in a number of cases coming to light in connection with the damage to temples in the state. Due to this, devotees and Hindu communities are commenting that the intention of those who are doing these things is clear. Despite this, there are criticisms that not apprehending the culprits will lead to more incidents.

March 2016 – Kadiri (Anantapur): Several heritage structures and ancient historical temples dating back to the 16th century AD in the district with rich cultural and historical value, are being systematically defaced and vandalised by treasure hunters, due to a lack of coordination between the departments of Endowments, Mines and Geology, Tourism and Archaeology[10]. About 200 treasure hunt teams both local and from neighbouring Karnataka are on the prowl for ancient treasure engaged in digging operations at secluded places with the help of sophisticated metal detectors, according to Archaeology and Museums department sources[11].

Vandalise structures, loot: Some of them had reportedly benefited from such secret excavations and turned into multi-millionaires overnight. Late Kaleshwar Swamy of Penukonda was a major beneficiary of such a bonanza from the treasure find nearly a decade ago. According to department sources, one person was killed six months ago in Penukonda, the hot seat of the treasure hunt due to clashes among the treasure hunt teams. Vested interests are digging up historical temples in Penukonda hoping to find precious gold and silver articles of antique value. Kadiri Lakshminarasimha Swamy temple and Penna Ahobilam temples are glaring examples of tampering of ancient structures in the name of renovation by the departments of Endowments and Tourism. This practice has become a matter of concern for lovers and students of history and also to the Department of Archaeology which is the chief custodian of all ancient structures in the country. Treasure hunters are the main culprits as they vandalise these structures, which are vulnerable as there is none to guard them. Archaeology assistant director Lakshmi Devi says there are no funds to guard temples and structures and idols of antique value and unless the Central and State governments allot funds for the purpose, guarding these treasure troves will be a difficult proposition.

Changes, modifications and meddling with structures could be investigated and known: Renovation, reconstruction, restoration and such other acts are also used for treasure hunting and meddling with the ancient and medieval structures. When such groups of persons of the Central or State archaeological departments work, nothing could be suspected. Nowadays, for digging, excavating and removing mud, earth-moving equipment like Bokline, JCB etc., are used and such job is carried on under “outsourcing,” where, outsiders are involved. “Consultants” and others also come and go and their interests are known only to them. The local people would be watching their activities and from them also details could be gathered by others. “Temple cleaning” groups, service doing devotees and others are too knowing many details about temples. Of course, regular visitors, committed devotees, and Kuladeivam-temple goers would be visiting many temples and they could recognize any change that occurred in the structure, as they have been witnessing them many times through decades. Some have photographs taken on those occasions.

Central Government instructions: The Ministry of External Affairs have sent advisories to Diplomatic Missions that their baggage should not contain any antiques which are more than one hundred years old except under the authority of a licence issued by the competent authority. The Government also lays stress on modernisation and strengthening of infrastructure relating to intelligence and enforcement agencies to enable them to take more efficient steps to prevent smuggling of antiques/ idols etc. out of the country. Now, efforts are made with foreign countries to identify, claim and bring back the Indian antiquities that have been illegally shipped out of India based on fake documents. In fact, many Idols have been received back also. In spite of all these efforts, as the State governments, certain vested politically connected officials, ruling politicians and others have been trying to violate the norms and procedure and thus, illegal activities thrive with their blessings. The result has only turned out to be Idol-theft, treasure hunting and looting, desecration and other unlawful activities.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

18-09-2022

---

[1] HansIndia, Kurnool: 6-member gang held for treasure hunt,  The Hans India Hans News Service | 29 May 2021 12:00 AM IST.

[2] https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kurnool-6-member-gang-held-for-treasure-hunt-688274

[3] Etv.bharat, Andhra police arrest 10 treasure hunters for hammering Nandi idol, Published on : April 12, 2021, 4.35 PM IST.

[4] https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/andhra-pradesh/andhra-police-arrest-10-treasure-hunters-for-hammering-nandi-idol/na20210412163533733

[5] Indian Express, Andhra temple desecrations: treasure hunters to drunks, Written by Sreenivas Janyala, Hyderabad | First published on: 18-01-2021 at 04:30:49 am; Updated: January 18, 2021 1:32:37 pm

[6] https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-temple-desecrations-treasure-hunters-to-drunks-7150638/

[7] Indian Express, Andhra Pradesh temple attacks probe points to political angle: Sources, Published: 07th January 2021 08:50 AM  |   Last Updated: 07th January 2021 10:42 AM.

https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/jan/07/andhra-pradesh-temple-attacks-probe-points-to-political-angle-sources-2246680.html

[8] Etv.bharat, Attack on temples: Andhra govt sets up SIT to investigate cases, Published on January 9, 2021, 8.27 PM IST.

[9] https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/andhra-pradesh/attack-on-temples-andhra-govt-sets-up-sit-to-investigate-cases/na20210109202717149

[10] HansIndia, Treasure hunters ravage temples, THE HANS INDIA 4 Mar 2016 7:27 AM IST

[11] https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-03-04/Treasure-hunters-ravage-temples/211234

The Idol-theft, temple desecration and illegal export of antique objects in Andhra and Telangana: Is it a political, politicized or organized racket? (2)

The Idol-theft, temple desecration and illegal export of antique objects in Andhra and Telangana: Is it a political, politicized or organized racket? (2)

September 2022 – Nagulagudi, Rayachoti, Nandavaram, Kurnool district ransacked for treasure: Kurnool District, Nandavaram Mandal. The oldest temple in Rayachoti village is Nagula Gudi, a temple dating back to the Ashoka period. This temple is in the archaeological area. Night after night they dig in the mandapam for hidden treasures. If the way of digging is observed carefully, it is not done by humans, i.e, a machine was used. Locals complain that hidden treasures were stolen by digging with JCB. Andhra and Telangana have been witnessing many temple desecration, temple structure demolitions, Idol lifting, sculptures stealing, treasure hunting, chariots burning etc., going on for the last ten years. With the division of the Andhra State, formation of Telengana, changed governments, political ideology etc., these activities have been increasing.  Some videos have been in circulation in the social media. The police standing nearby the digging site confirms the incident.

December 16, 2021 – eight-members gang arrested: Kurnool police on Sunday arrested an eight-member gang of treasure hunters for allegedly digging up an ancient shrine at Maddikere village in Chippagiri Mandal of Chittoor superintendent of police (SP) S. Senthil Kumar said that Srinivasulu, also known as Ashwathama, belonging to Nagarkurnool district in Telangana and his local friend Hari from Kandada together went to check the idol on March 21, which they would eventually decamp with on December 16, 2021[1]. Briefing reporters about the case, Kurnool SP Kaginelli Fakeerappa said the local village revenue officer (VRO) had lodged a complaint claiming that some unidentified miscreants had dug up the ancient Ammavari temple in the village in search of hidden treasure[2]. In course of the investigation, police found that there was a popular belief in the Mandal that treasure may be hidden beneath the feet of Ammavari at the ancient shrine. According to the police, the prime accused, Dasari Venkatesh of Kubdanagurthi village, hatched a plan to dig up the temple to look for treasure. Thus, if this person is interrogated thoroughly, the motive could be known.

How the plan was hatched to loot: He shared his plan with his brother-in-law Jaya Ramudu. The duo roped in Mangali Venkateswarlu, O Bhaskar Reddy, Golla Peddaiah, P Mareppa and G Ramanjaneyulu. Fakruddin, the owner of an earthmover, was also roped in. The gang reached the temple on December 16 and executed its plan without a hitch. But the group had to return empty-handed as they did not find any treasure even after digging 10 feet below the shrine. Special teams probing the case arrested all eight accused on Sunday and seized one earthmover, three bikes and eight mobile phones from the accused.  Thus, here, when such activities were going on with earth mover, definitely, the nearby persons have known the activities.

Aug 14, 2021 Bikkavolu (Andhra Pradesh): In a startling development, the four Treasure Hunters who stole the ancient Nandi idol from the 9^th century Sri Golingeswara Swamy temple at Bikkavolu village in Andhra Pradesh’s East Godavari district in their quest for diamonds, had actually Surveyed and made a list of more than 15 Idols at various temples in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana[3].  Bikkavolu Treasure Hunters Surveyed Over 15 Idols in Andhra[4]. The police have arrested Chukkapatla Prasad (30) from Guntur district and Kunchala Venkatesh (26), a mason from Kandukuru in Prakasam district, while Guvvala Bhaskar Reddy from the same district and Ravi Pantulu from Nellore district are on the run. All these four accused persons had prepared the list of idols.

Idol lifting gang identified their target: The Idols which featured in their list include Veerabhadra Swamy and Nandi Idols at Unchala village in Kurnool district, Vinayakudu and Nandi Idols at Yanamadula village in Guntur district, three Nandi Idols at Guduru in Nellore district and another black Nandi idol in the same place. Likewise, Nandi idol and gold coloured ornaments at a Sivalayam in Ongole, finely sculpted and embellished Nandi idol in Nellore and another Nandi idol atop a pillar in Vinukonda Shivalayam also featured in the list. So they planned, studied and looted the temples.

The extended list of Idols to be stolen: The list also included a peacock idol in Nellore, Nandi idol in Kammampadu village in Guntur district, Nagula (serpent) idol and a broken idol of a God at Narsapuram in Prakasam district. A white Nandi idol at Kuduri village in Nellore district, a yellow Nandi idol at Injamuru village in the same district, a black Nandi idol at Someswaram in East Godavari district, Sivalayam at Jagityala district in Telangana and finally the Nandi idol they stole from Bikkavolu completed the list. The pater has been to steal particular type of Nandi from Shiva temples and thus, somebody would have ordered so.

Changed politics, anti-Hindu attitude etc: Two of the four accused persons — Prasad and Reddy — are well educated with post-graduate degrees, who fell for the make-believe tales of an accomplice, Pantulu, that ancient Idols contained diamonds which could be cracked open. Prasad is an MCA graduate while Reddy studied MBA.“The educated but broke quartet superstitiously believed that ancient Idols will have diamonds inside them,” said a police officer. This crime assumes significance as the southern state has seen a slew of alleged temple attacks, leading to provocative politics being played around these developments by political parties to corner the state government, making accusations that it is allegedly anti-Hindu[5]. Thus, such fact has been also explicitly revealed and reported by the media. Why and how such highly educated youth involved in Idol-theft cases? Either they must have been unemployed (this cannot be a reason, but, engaged in this job or they decided that such looting would fetch quick money in crores easily. Moreover, the atheist, anti-religion and other propaganda also must have conditioned and moulded their psyche to carry out such unlawful acts.

Iconoclast Idol-thieves: Following the police taking the temple offences with utmost seriousness and installing surveillance cameras in thousands of temples across the state, crimes have come down drastically[6]. Back in January, the East Godavari district police had caught a drunken butcher (name not mentioned) on camera for damaging the trident (trishul) of a local temple in Kakinada. Similarly, even in the Bikkavolu incident, the police managed to capture the movement of a suspect on CCTV surveillance, though not very clear. On Saturday, the police arrested two of the four Treasure Hunters and seized a car, besides recovering the smashed Nandi idol and a hammer.

July 2021 – Treasure hunt gangs ar Ahobilam area: Treasure hunters are exploring the Nallamala deep forest area to try their luck, particularly in the vicinity of the historic Ahobilam belt where a closed well in Lakshmi Narasimha Swami temple is believed to have treasure larger than that of Padmanabhaswamy temple[7]. The stone and palm leaf scriptures reveal that an underground den sealed with big stones just in front of the main deity contains a huge golden and diamond treasure hidden by South Indian King Sri Krishnadevaraya of the 16th century[8]. For three decades several attempts were made to plunder this treasure, but whoever attempted had died immediately, say locals[9]. “One archaeology professor, who tried to dig the surface, died on the spot when some poisonous fumes erupted from the side hole of the earth 20 years ago,” said a priest on the condition of anonymity[10]. Thus, the involvement of the professionals is also noted.

Whoever opens the treasure would die: “Recently, an engineer who attempted to break open the treasure not only failed in his attempt but also lost his life,” narrates Penchalayya, a tea stall owner at Ahobilam. Some people say former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Marri Chenna Reddy also got some secret survey done in and around the temple to find out the treasure, but for some mysterious reasons, he withdrew from that task. Subsequently, no attempts were made by anyone to find the treasure. It is believed in Ahobilam that when the Ghajani Mohammad and other Arabs invaded on India to plunder the vast opulence of the then Indian Kingdoms, the Kings used to hide the treasures below the temples or in dens to protect them from being plundered by enemy countries. However, these details are not mentioned or studied and required references are not given. Thus, they are forgotten without understanding the background. Assuming that a “communal problem” might arise due to such studies, generally, the experts could avoid with secularism, but, the scientific temper must evoke them to study honestly without any bias. As even in the 21st century, people believe and engage themselves in such treasure hunt coupled with witchcraft, divining etc.

Guess about the location of temple treasure: The scriptures around the temple say the treasure cannot be taken out now as still, one more generation has to pass as per the dates of the scripture. So it is better not to make attempts to discover the treasure below the temple to avoid premature death, according to temple priests. Similarly in Vundavalli rock caves in the Guntur district of the state, there is a 15-foot single stone of Sri Anantha Padmanabha Swami statue which resembles Sri Anantha Padmanabha Swami of Tiruvananthapuram. It is said that there is a large treasure inside the caves and a secret tunnel towards the temple of Panakala Lakshmi Narasimha Swami which is located on a Passive Volcano on Mangaliri road.

Digging under and breaking Nandis: Last week (July 2011), in Gopanpalli village in Zaheerabad Mandal of Medak district, unidentified people entered an old Siddeswaraswamy temple located in the village and dismantled two Nandi statues in the pursuit of searching for treasure. Those who entered the temple for the treasure also offered prayers, lit lamps, and broke coconuts before digging. This is typical for the iconoclasts who have been imbibed with atheistic ideology. In yet another incident in the Malkapur village of Rangareddy district, unidentified people damaged the Shivalingam and Nandi statue hoping to find some treasure. The treasure hunters also dug up huge pits in the premises of the local Hanuman temple located on Bacharam-Korremula road in Hayathnagar Mandal in the same district of the state.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

18-09-2022

---

[1] Times of India, Eight treasure hunters held for digging up ancient shrine in Andhra Pradesh, Sandeep Raghavan / TNN / Updated: Jan 11, 2021, 08:20 IST.

[2] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/treasure-hunters-held-for-digging-up-shrine/articleshow/80202026.cms

[3] Indo-Asian News Service, Bikkavolu treasure hunters surveyed over 15 idols in Andhra, Telangana,  Posted by Sakina Fatima |  Updated: 15th August 2021 11:44 am IST

[4] https://www.siasat.com/bikkavolu-treasure-hunters-surveyed-over-15-idols-in-andhra-telangana-2178064/

[5] Telugu-stop, Bikkavolu Treasure Hunters Surveyed Over 15 Idols In Andhra, Telangana, News Desk- News Desk Last Updated Time: 2021-08-14 23:46:02  IST

[6] https://telugustop.com/bikkavolu-treasure-hunters-surveyed-over-15-idols-in-andhra-telangana-national-crimedisasteraccident-latest-eng-news

[7] Deccan Herald, Treasure hunt begins in Andhra temples, Hyderabad, July 16, DHNS:, JUL 16 2011, 23:43 IST; UPDATED: JUL 16 2011, 23:43 IST

[8] https://www.deccanherald.com/content/176929/treasure-hunt-begins-andhra-temples.html

[9] OneIndia, Treasures in AP temples worth more than that of Padmanabha?, By Anita | Published: Sunday, July 17, 2011, 12:09 [IST].

[10] https://www.oneindia.com/2011/07/17/treasure-in-ap-temples-more-than-that-of-padmanabha-aid0113.html?story=2

The Idol-theft, temple desecration and illegal export of antique objects in Andhra and Telangana: Is it a political, politicized or organized racket? (1)

The Idol-theft, temple desecration and illegal export of antique objects in Andhra and Telangana: Is it a political, politicized or organized racket? (1)

Anti-temple attitude, iconoclasm and Idol-theft etc in Andhra and Telangana: Recently, there have been many instances of temple attacks, desecration and demolitions taking place in Andhra and Telangana. Generally, the people of Tamilnadu think that their State has been prone to such temple-demolishing, idol-breaking, icon-lifting gangs working with political iconoclasm, anti-Hindu ideology and anti-iconogenesis morbid mentality. But, such psyche has been exhibited in Andhra and Telangana also is surprising and shocking. The mindset and ideology have been same as observed by the media and the Police. Thus, how Telugu-speaking people have been infested with a sinister psyche leading to iconoclasm has to be analyzed. How these stolen idols are passed on hands, whom they are sent, what is the destination, and finally who pays for such operations and such other questions are also to be answered. As for Andhra and Telangana are concerned, there has not been any systematic study of such event involved.

How deserted, mutilated and desecrated Idols are found at many remote places?: There have been thousands of temples situated across the state in the remote places and villages. For the people of those areas, they have been witnessing them for many generations.  The nonagenarians, octogenarians and other elders could give more details also. Many times, in local newspapers, there have been routine and stereotyped claims that a broken sculpture or inscription was found in a remote village, nearby temple, or in the paddy field and so on. Most of them have been there and known to local people and the visitors. However, some enthusiastic people take photographs and publish such stuff in the local newspapers, as they might be knowing some friends working there. Ironically, many times, for the same sculpture or inscription, there have been more than one “discoverer” and news reports appearing one after another or after a gap of some months.

Idol-theft started rising since 1980 in Andhra- Hundreds of Idols not traceable: During the 1980s, there was a sudden increase in thefts of Panchaloha idols and the spectre is once again returning with three cases of arrest in both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh recently[1]. Thus, it is clear that such activities have been going on since 1980 i.e, more than 40 years. In other words, they have been organized, planned and controlled. In one instance, three Panchaloha idols of deities Varadarajula Swamy, Sridevi and Bhoodevi from an ancient temple at Rajole in Kuravi mandal in Warangal district which were stolen on March 15, 2016, are now in safe custody but hundreds of idols from the temples across the two Telugu-speaking States are missing for years[2]. According to the Telangana State Department of Archaeology, about 38 idols from across Telangana and AP were recovered between 2008 and 2013 but these idols are the ones that the police hand over to the department once a case is resolved, for safe custody. According to experts, there are close to 100 precious idols that date back to over 300-400 years that come under “untraceable category”. This implies that such Idols were passed over to the regular smugglers and exporters of antiques and it is evident that the Andhra-Telangana gangs have nexus with them.

CAG Report on the Idol-theft and Telugu speaking people: Stolen idols data from 2014 till date is being corroborated, said an official and on condition of anonymity confirmed that there are at least a couple of cases reported every month  (may be 1000 in a year). According to a CAG report in 2013, 91 idols of archaeological importance in India had been missing or untraceable. Telangana State Department of Archaeology director NR Visalatchi says, “The police hands over the stolen idols to the department for safe custody. The department has its limitations in protecting the idols.” It is estimated that the illegal trade of art and artefacts is estimated to be worth Rs 40,000 crore a year. No doubt that the Tamil Nadu government started a special Tamil Nadu Police Idol Wing which is in constant touch with the US Homeland Security. But, the position of Andhra and Telangana is not known.

Many Idol-theft cases not reported: Though many precious idols go missing from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh every month and rarely get reported, there is no such wing in either State. So, it is shocking to know why such a wing has not been formed since 1950, when the Andhra state was formed first in India. In the garb of ‘researcher’ and ‘antique collector’ smuggling of international antiquities goes on which requires capital and connections. Such is the volume of stolen idols that earlier this year in June, the US government returned over 200 stolen idols to India during PM Modi’s visit. But there are thousands of idols stacked away in museums and private collections the world over. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, over 4,000 items were stolen from Indian temples just in a span of three years between 2010 and 2012 and in the past two decades about 2,913 idols and antiquities have been traced in museums. K Padmanabha, Deputy Director, Telangana Department of Archaeology says, “We recovered two Lord Rama, two Lakshmana and one each of Sita and Radha Devi idols that were stolen from Parlapalli village and date back to 400 years. There are scores of idols strewn across the State that need protection.” The expression “seen across” can be noted and understood. The fact is that the remote temples are regularly ransacked for the purpose and evidently the people of those areas must have been aiding and abetting the gangs foor monetary benefits,

Modus operandi of the Companies exporting the stolen Idols: The modus operandi is complex as companies buy and sell objects among themselves to hoodwink officials before forwarding them to auction houses and collectors. Objects are first shipped to Switzerland which is considered safe because of the free trade zone. Auction houses claim that they buy the objects from Swiss soil and not from India. Dealers have a deep network connecting remote areas of the country. The modus operandi used by smugglers is to prepare a copy of the looted antique and submit it to the Archaeological survey; once the tag of ‘non-antiquity’ is granted, the certificate is used to tag to the genuine antique and ship it out of the country. Smugglers use a paperless money remittance system (hawala) which is virtually untraceable. Ghiya from Jaipur and Subhash Kapoor, a US citizen (who is now in Tamil Nadu jail), have been involved in smuggling idols out of India for decades. Subhash Kapoor who owns Art of the Past, an art gallery in New York, is accused of smuggling more than $100 million worth of stolen art from India.

So here, the same questions are raised in the context of Andhra and Telangana: A careful analysis of events clearly points to an agenda, systematic plan and organized operations orchestrated by some unknown people of these two Telugu-speaking states.

1. Who hoodwinks the officials and deal with such antiques, selling and buying easily?
2. If Objects are first shipped to Switzerland which is considered safe because of free trade zone, how it is possible crossing so many authorities?
3. The modus operandi used by smugglers is to prepare a copy of the looted antique. Then, how such a duplicate Idol is manufactured, who has such highly sophisticated technology?
4. Producing moulds and dies, the alloy (of panchaloha), furnace and other equipment? They cannot be handled by ordinary people.
5. Who is granting the tag of ‘non-antiquity’?  [like F.J.A.Flynn case, many archaeologists, historians and others must have been involved]
6. Whether such person issuing such certificate has been unaware of the facts or is a part of the game-plan aiding and abetting?
7. How the duplicate is substituted[3] inside the temple?
8. How is it possible without the knowledge of so many of the temple, transport, logistics, handlers and others?
9. Having known a or conditioned so, how and who are making them silent and the whole issue is muted?
10. At the point of export, how the invoice, packing slip, Bill of lading and other documents are filed, who is getting such clearance?
11. After export, at the point of import (destination country), how are they cleared?
12. After crossing all hurdles, how they are again getting that antiquity, so that they can be auctioned, sold and bought?

Thus, the top persons are having contacts at destination countries to carry out the job, as per their agenda. As the profits have been in crores, they could easily bribe the intermediaries and operators with lakhs and thousands..

The statistics of temple desecration, looting etc in Andhra and Telangana: Under the TDP government, 163 temple offences were reported in 2015, 139 in 2017, 123 in 2018 and 177 in 2019, when the government transitioned to the YSR Congress Party.

Year	No. of desecration cases	Remarks
2015	163	As these have been reported and obviously – officially declared figures,the actual figures could be more, as the “untraceable” ones are also to be added with these figures.
2016	?
2017	139
2018	123
2019	177
2020	228

In 2020, a year that saw an uproar following the chariot burning at the Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple in Antarvedi, there were 143 alleged temple offences. In spite of the political overtones, and accusations against each other party and other vested interests, the fact remains that temples have been desecrated, idols stolen and many arrested. Thus, the investigations and motives clearly point to Idol-theft connected with the antique smuggling passing hands.  The political façade is perhaps thrusted to divert the issue and suppress the facts. Police are understood to have achieved some progress in the probe into attacks on temples in the state by tracing the mobile phone calls made by some of the suspects to some politicians[4]. When contacted, Director General of Police D Gautam Sawang, however, said it was too early to comment on a possible political conspiracy behind the spate of attacks on temples[5]. Let some incidences be studied in the context, to understand the intricacies.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

18-09-2022

---

[1] HansIndia, Missing idols cause concern in Telangana, AP T P Venu, 14 Sept 2016, 9:28 AM IST.

[2] https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-09-14/Missing-idols-cause-concern-in-Telangana-AP/253744

[3] This is impossible without the knowledge of the priest, as he could immediately identify that the Idol has been replaced or changed. Then, the temple servants and workers of all categories, officials and nearby people can know the fact within time.  Thus, the gangs must have either cajoled or threatened the concerned persons and allow them to carry on such unlawful acts.

[4] Indian Express, Andhra Pradesh temple attacks probe points to political angle: Sources, Published: 07th January 2021 08:50 AM  |   Last Updated: 07th January 2021 10:42 AM.

[5] https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/jan/07/andhra-pradesh-temple-attacks-probe-points-to-political-angle-sources-2246680.html