The proceedings of the National seminar Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India or Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints held at Acharya Nagarjuna University on March 1st and 2nd 2023 (4)

The proceedings of the National seminar Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India or Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints held at Acharya Nagarjuna University on March 1^st and 2^nd 2023 (4)

Caste system in Burma / Myanmar: The Burmese authorities presently recognise no fewer than 135 separate ethnic groups out of 55 million population, living within the union. Of these, the Bamar are easily the largest. Myanmar’s first national census in over 30 years. The other six main ethnic groups are –

1. the Shan, 2. Kachin, 3. Kayin,

4. Rakhine, 5. Chin and 6. Mon,

each of which has its own state. These seven main ethnic groups together constitute about 92 per cent, with the remaining 8 per cent divided between a fascinating patchwork of minority tribes. Jane Fergusson discussed the issue as follows[1]: The system of caste, or a hierarchical social system based on occupation, prestige, and ideas about pollution, had been considered a master trope in the framing of the imperial census[2] (Kumar 2006:387), and one which colonial officers had grown accustomed to in British India. Census officials even noted that caste could be tested by ‘actual existing facts and beliefs to a far greater extent than is possible with respect to race’ (Webb[3] 1912:250). However, the categories of caste simply did not gain traction for census officials working in Burma; thus they struggled to find another way to approach human differences and quantify race in Burma. The nine ‘race’ categories used by the British census-takers were:

1. Burmese; 2. Other indigenous race; 3. Chinese;

4. Indians born in Burma; 5. Indians born outside Burma; 6. Indo-Burman race;

7. Europeans and allied races; 8. Anglo-Indians; 9. Other race.

According to C.C. Lowis[4] (1902), the Burman is ‘so absolutely enamoured of freedom that he cannot abide the bonds that caste demands’ (Lowis 1902:107). Without the category of caste, and where religion ‘indicates but little’, colonial surveyors concluded that language would therefore be the most ‘obvious and surest criterion of difference’ (Lowis 1902:112): If the speech of a particular community cannot be assigned to a particular group, that community is, ipso facto, isolated, whatever similarity its customs, dress and physical traits may have with the customs, dress and physical traits of any other community, neighbouring or otherwise.

Caste thennic groups, ethnicity, denomination, sect and such other classification based on race, racism and racialism, religion, theology, philosophy etc., exist in Thailand……..

Sectarian, sectarianism, sectarian faith etc: The words and sect, expressions sectarian, sectarianism, sectarian faith etc., have not been positive, but negative and bad in connotation in the western or western religious context. Throughout American history, “sectarian” has been used to exclude and to ostracize. It is a term that is used to disparage and marginalize particular groups of Americans and particular kinds of thinking. That “sectarian” is hardly a flattering term is evident from even a cursory look at any standard dictionary. Among its more common synonyms are “bigoted,” “narrow-minded,” “heretical,” “parochial,” and “dogmatic.” Christians have used the word to describe Pharisees, atheists, and other Christians; Unitarians to put down Presbyterians and Roman Catholics; political liberals and conservatives to insult each other[5]. Richard A. Baer, Jr explains that[6], “The reason is really quite simple. Even though the term “sect” can have the relatively neutral meaning of “a group of persons having the same principles, beliefs, or opinions or can be employed technically in a non-pejorative sense by sociologists of religion, the ordinary usage of “sectarian” is derogatory. Indeed, “sectarian” more often than not is what we might call “caste language.” It is a term that has been used throughout much of American history to keep religious and social “untouchables” in their proper place. Just as ruling elites have used racial and sexual epithets to put down blacks and women, so they have used “sectarian” to exclude and marginalize those individuals and groups whose religious or philosophical beliefs or social practices did not correspond to their own vision of what was appropriate in the cultural marketplace”.

The theme of the seminar changed from “Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India,” to   “Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints”: Though, the topic was “Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India,” (as appeared in the brochure first) most of the paper presenters were trying to interpret the present ideology on the medieval period and even the prehistoric and protohistoric past. It also appears that the theme was changed to “Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints” suddenly, as noted later on the banner, “Abstract,” scribbling pad etc. Actually, I prepared my paper only based on the such theme and sent my full paper on 31-01-2023 itself. The theme, “Buddhism and Sectarian Religious faith in India,” has been entirely different from that of,   “Buddha and Anti-caste Bhakti Saints.” It is a fact that during the transitional period 7th century to the medieval period till the advent of the Mohammedans and the European colonial forces, all the sectarian faiths had to suffer by them. The ruling and dominant faiths Janism and Buddhism had to suffer from their attacks, in spite of their oversea and inland business and commercial authority. When religious dominance and excesses started, these two could not match up with them (Islam and Christianity). Moreover, the interaction among the believers of Andhra, Karnataka and Tamilagam showed the intra and inter-faith and religious debates, polemics and wrangles, leading to physical sometimes. Obviously, the organizers must have realized from my paper and changed the theme. Therefore, it is evident that they changed the theme itself, perhaps, without informing.

Under the Ambedkarite Constitution, Caste should continue or not: Eleanor Zelliot (1992), Uma Chakravarthi (1996), Gail Omvedt (2003) and others cleverly avoided the continuance of caste in spite of opposing caste, supporting reservation, though opposing positive discrimination, exclusion etc., Thus, the ideological egalitarianism, theoretical Utopianism and sermonized equality always try to and evade the legal, constitutional and judicial position and condition of the prevalent issues. The restricted reservation for SCs has been continuing. The reservation after conversion for the neo-Buddhists, and Sikhs continues, as they are “Hindus” only as per Article 25 of the Constitution. Thus, the Christians and much later the Muslims too started demanding the amendment of the Constitution Order, 1950 to accommodate the converted Christians and Muslims also. Though, these ideologists claim that “The Ambedkar Constitution,” they want to amend it, without realizing the judicial implications.

What is required by the believers in a “Secular state or country”?: Dialogue is required for understanding other and the point of view of others, whether, in a family, society or anywhere, where human interaction takes place. Thus, it is imperative and implied that such a process is possible with all family and societal members. Discussion, debate and deliberation always involve mutual, reciprocated and two-way flow of thought, thought processes and conclusion. Monologue is considered as a speech presented by a single dramatist character, theoretical expert or ideologized professional most often to express their thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience. In theatre, a monologue may be enjoyed when delivered by favourite character or person, as none is going to ask him.   Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media (plays, films, etc.), as well as in non-dramatic media such as poetry, literary narratives, political discourses and other verbose. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devices including soliloquies, apostrophes, and asides. There are, however, distinctions between each of these devices, audience and ideologists. Many times such monologues, particularly thrusted, imposed and forced to listen lead to autocratic, dominating and dictatorial. Free speech is talked about and sermonized blaming others as despotic, tyrannical, repressive, oppressive and so on, but, how such whistle-blowers indulge.

In dialogue, the engaged parties should listen to and understand the other party / parties also: There is a maxim Audi Alteram Partem and it is not known whether monologuers could understand and realize it. It means hear the other side; hear both sides, in other words the authority hearing the matter must be afforded hearing to the party who is likely to be affected by its decision. In judicial, quasi-judicial or any sensible legal process, it is expected. Therefore, those who talk about thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis should not avoid or be afraid of Audi Alteram Partem. Here, most of the speakers have predetermined mind-set and they spoke even any prepared paper about certain premises and conditions only in their perspective, that too blaming Brahmin, Brahman, Brahminism, Brahminical system, and even Brahminical virus and so on. Inside, “Acharya Nagarjuna University,” though such seminar was taking place under the auspices of “The Mahayana Buddhist Study Centre,” the sectarian bias had been explicit and aggressive and combating.

Justice, natural justice, social justice, equity, equality etc: Though, often Justice, natural justice, social justice, equity, equality etc, are talked about, they are not obviously discussed judicially. There are mainly two Principles of Natural Justice. These two Principles are:

• ‘Nemo judex in causa sua’. No one should be made a judge in his own cause, and the rule against bias.
• ‘Audi alteram partem’ means to hear the other party, or no one should be condemned unheard.

The historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, archaeo-anthropologists, Anthropo-archaeologists, sociologists, psychologists and related experts do not deal with these important conditions to pass any remarks or come to conclusions. Going to extremes, violating the norms that are framed the ideologists by themselves, and jumping to conclusions with biased views have been the hall-mark of many such studies.

How the audience was responding to the Buddhist prayer……..

How the audience was responding to the Buddhist prayer…………………..

How I struggled to reach and left Vijayawada Railway Station: How I reached Vijayawada Railway station was explained above on Fenbruary 28^th midnight and March 1^st early morning. On 2^nd March also, I had a different experience to reach the Vijayawada station. The seminar paper presentation was going on, as I had to catch the train, I came out of the hall searching for the driver. He was there, and we had lunch quickly and about to leave, but, I was informed that some other driver and vehicle would come. So I was waiting…….and the time was 2.00 pm. I asked the convener many times and I was informed “the vehicle would come.”  It was 2.30 PM and then, realizing the situation, I was taken by a car. Of course, the driver and car were there only[7]. Anyway, the driver could drop me at the end of the platform, so that I could walk to the platform[8]. Slowly, I started walking with the bag to the Platform No.10 where, the JanSatabdi was to come. When I reached PF.No.10, the passenger started running back, shouting at me, that it was here at PF.No.8. Some stranger helped me taking my bag and I started walking slowly. It took me perhaps 10 to 15 minutes and the train was about to start. I was waving my hand towards the train, as if I was doing it for a bus to stop. But, the driver was looking at me and showed his finger “1,” obviously, he might wait for one minute. Meanwhile that stranger handed over my bag to another stranger and went away. When I came near to the train, he (the second stranger) suggested me to gt into the first carriage and pushed my luggage inside. The moment I entered the train and started requesting to the TTR, one youth asked me to sit in one seat, as he was not travelling and got down……….The train started…..So finally, I settled down there in the same compartment, instead of my regular / confirmed seat away from the first compartment[9]. At last I could reach Chennai with 20 minutes delay. My regular Auto driver came and I could reach home by 11.40 PM.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

05-03-2023

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[1] Ferguson, Jane M. “Who’s Counting?: Ethnicity, Belonging, and the National Census in Burma/Myanmar.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 171.1 (2015): 1-28.

[2] Kumar, M. Satish (2006). ‘The census and women’s work in Rangoon, 1872–1931’, Journal of Historical Geography 32:377–97.

[3] Webb, C. Morgan (1912). Census of India, 1911. Vol. ix, Burma Part i. Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery.

[4] Lowis, C.C. (1902). Census of India, 1901. Volume xii, Burma. Part i. Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery

[5] Richard A. Baer, Jr. The Supreme Court’s Discriminatory Use of the Term “Sectarian”, Originally published in The Journal of Law & Politics, Vol. VI, No. 3, Spring 1990.

[6] https://blogs.cornell.edu/envirobaer/publications/the-supreme-courts-discriminatory-use-of-the-term-sectarian/

[7]  In other words, instead of keeping me waiting there for nearly one-and-half hours, I could have been sent earlier with the same driver and car. Why I was kept delayed was known to God only.

[8]  Actually, the driver helped me in reaching the station in time and also dropping at the right place. Of course, when we reached the Guest House to take the luggage, the other person / Assistant Professor was making unwanted comments that I would miss the train and so on. Though, he had also to come with me, he was delaying, so the driver took the decision to proceed, as the time was already 2.30 PM. Why the learned Asst.Prof was delaying was also known only to God.

[9] I can write a story about this, as how many strangers helped me to get into a train, sit comfortably in a seat and reach my home at one side, whereas, at the other side – all learned professors etc., but made me tensed fully knowing my health problems. Of course, I informed my travel plan, my health problem etc through e-mails and letter also (with many phone calls in between).

Annigeri skulls and skeletons, found in August 2010: Different misinterpretations made initially are used even today to beat Rajaraja and Rajendra! [1]

Annigeri skulls and skeletons, found in August 2010: Different misinterpretations made initially are used even today to beat Rajaraja and Rajendra! [1]

Aug 29, 2010 – A worker unearths many human skulls while digging a small canal in Annigeri of Navalgund Taluk near Hubli: Around 60 to 75 human skeletons were recovered from the outskirts of Annagiri / Annigeri[1] ( ಅಣ್ಣಿಗೇರಿ) town in Karanataka’s Dharwar District[2]. The first 20 skeletons were discovered on 28-08-2010, Saturday when municipal corporation workers were digging the area for widening the drainage system[3]. The skeletons were buried in a very systematic manner[4]. S. Shreya, a professor of archaeology in Karnataka University said[5], “On the northern side, one can see only the systematic burial of the heads, and in the southern side you can see the burial of large number of them in a single layer, the legs and hands, and other parts of the body.” The skeletons had been dismembered at the time of burial, as all the skulls were recovered from one site whereas the other parts of the skeletons were found buried at a nearby spot adjacent to the drainage system. Thus, this had led to the involved scholars to interpret differently.

31-08-2010 (Tuesday) officials visited: A retired Geologist T. Shetty suspects that the skeletons were buried following a battle fought during the British period. “Such groups of heads joined in one place are very rare in south India. This is only possible, when there is a small war or some fight between two groups. Those are the possibilities. After DNA (testing), we will come to know the age. If you come to know the age, then we can decide whether it has occurred during the British period,” said Shetty. Local police have sought the assistance of the Anthropology-Genetics section of Karnataka University as well as the Archaeological Survey of India to unravel the intricacies of the case. Experts who visited the spot on 31-08-2010, Tuesday felt that it could also be a matter of organized crime. Local people say that the area used to be a burial ground and the mass burial have taken place after a war or famine. The site has been cordoned off to prevent people from entering the area. Police have sent the skeletons to the forensic lab for further investigation. (ANI). Thus, here, the version of the local people appeared to be reasonable.

February 2011 – More skeleton found: However, the newspapers carried various stories. There was a report that 300 more skeletons were found[6]. Thus, the number was increasing[7]. More than 600 skulls were recovered in the village of Annigeri near Dharwad in Karnataka in 2010. The skulls were dated as being ~200 years old—all victims of a 1790 famine in the region. This is a rare example where the District Commissioner’s Office and State Archaeological Department formally asked for teeth to be used in estimating age-at-death and sex of the post-mortem remains, which contributed to solving the mystery in the case. Addressing a press conference here, Deputy Commissioner of Dharwad Darpan Jain, Director of the Department of Archaeology and Museums R. Gopal and historian M.S. Krishnamurthy said there was no report on the existence of such a mass grave so far. Initially, only 50 skulls were found next to a drain after the ground was dug up for clearing the silt. As the finding caused a sensation, the administration cordoned off the area and requested the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums to conduct a study. A team of experts, led by Gopal and Prof Krishnamurthy, visited the site, but put off excavation because the area was damp.

Excavations carried on – August 28^th 2010 and January 12, 2011: First the reported discovery of the skulls were on 28-08-2020. Then, the excavation perhaps by the professionals started on 12-01-2011. Thus, in between, nearly for more than four months what happened is not known. The excavation began on January 12 2011 after the drain was diverted so as to allow the ground to dry. After the excavation, Jain said 471 skulls were found on a stretch of 15.6 metres by 1.7 metres. “The human skulls [only the upper portion, with the jaws missing] had been placed neatly facing different directions, and next to them were human bones on the same stretch. There is a missing patch in the arrangement, which experts believe might have been due to the digging for the drain… According to experts, around 600 human skulls might have been buried at the site.” The experts reckoned that the skulls were those of adults, he said, and the period to which they belonged was yet to be ascertained.

March 2011 – Proposal for testing of the skulls and skeletons: After the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, expressed its inability to ascertain the period, the skulls were sent to the Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar, where tests were underway to ascertain the period through carbon dating. Jain said the next course of action would be decided only after the test results were out, possibly in two to three weeks. Gopal and Professor Krishnamurthy said the skulls were of those slain in a massacre. In the past, evidences for massacre and mass burial were found in the country, including those related to the Vijayanagara empire, but nowhere had such a neat arrangement of skulls been reported. Gopal said Annigeri boasts a history of more than 1,000 years, and there is a mention of a massacre at Annigeri in an inscription dating to the 12^th century[8]. Professor Krishnamurthy said the skulls were buried just two feet below the top soil, and there were chances of it being a secondary burial. “We are also searching for any mention of a massacre in the local folklore, so that we can relate it to a particular period.” He said 286 of the skulls were intact, and if the test results were to be unclear, a few of these skulls would be sent again for fresh tests[9].

AMS machine was not working properly – earlier dates ascertained not correct – the dates were changed from 7^th cent.CE to 14^th-15^th cent.CE: Deputy Commissioner Darpan Jain, “A majority of adult skulls do not have lower jaws. Also, the number of body parts found are less when compared to the skulls unearthed. This has led to opinion among archaeologists that skulls were buried after the bodies started decomposing,” he said. As a couple of bodies in sitting posture have been unearthed near the site, it can be presumed that the site was once a burial ground, he added. The institute, after carrying out Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) analysis, concluded that the skulls belonged to the latter part of 14^th century or beginning of 15^th century. That was the best-possible result under the given conditions, Prof. Mahapatra said and added that the tests could not be carried out early as AMS machine was not working properly. Dharwad DC Darpan Jain, who received the report on Monday evening, said the department of archaeology has been informed of the findings. Thus, naturally, doubt arose about the dating.

March – 2011 – Religious massacre, black magic – the hypotheses continued: The department decided to send the samples to Archaeological Survey of India’s Central Institute (Ahmedabad) for corroborative tests. The findings indicate that the skulls were buried in 1373 AD[10]. Now, the historians have to find out whether it was a massacre or deaths in the war or mutiny. There are inscriptions in Annigeri’s Amruteshwar Temple, which belong to a period between 1100 AD and 1200 AD. But the skulls found are reportedly of the later period[11]. R Gopal, director of the state department of archaeology, is of the opinion that there was a religious massacre in Annigeri in 13th century AD, and another by a unit of Adil Shahi army in 15th century AD, which killed hundreds of people in Annigeri. The historical evidence should throw light on the exact cause of death. Jain said historians/ archaeologists are welcome to throw more light on the issue, provided they have material to substantiate their statements. A decision on whether to shift the skulls to a museum or retain them in the place where they were found will be taken soon, he added.

May 2011 – 638 YBP date fixed wrong: The first report submitted by the Institute of Physics in Bhubaneswar in May 2011 used Carbon-14 or carbon dating technology and stated that the skulls were 638 years old, give or take 60 years, placing the deaths around 1370 A.D. The institute used its technology on the skulls directly. The skulls were carbon-dated to – their age fixed at 638 years YBP (with an error margin of 10 per cent), scholars attached to the state department of archaeology and museums immediately concluded that people were massacred during the Adil Shahi dynasty and then their heads were buried deep under the earth. On the other hand, two different examinations and analysis of the skulls, one undertaken by Prof R M Shadaksharaiah and the other by Prof M M Kalburgi[12] and Associate Prof J M Nagaiah (all of the Karnataka University, Dharwad) appear to support a more grisly interpretation — human sacrifices associated with prevailing tantric practices and cultic killings as a perverse religious ritual in the period the between 11^th and 15^th centuries. All these interpretations conform to a savagery-barbarism-civilisation social evolution model. According to Shadaksharaiah, who conducted a stratigraphical study of the soil, the skulls are ‘unique’ in that they form a ‘pavilion’ which, in his analysis, was the work of a secret society of tantrics who used the surface of the pits to perform black magic and other grisly rituals. “If there was a localised massacre in Annigeri around the 12^th century AD, it would have found mention in the many inscriptions that have been found in and around Annigeri,” Shadaksharaiah said. Brushing aside the theory that Veera Maaheshwara cultists destroyed Jaina temples in the region and then committed suicide, Prof Shadaksharaiah said: “Since there is no mention of the destruction of Jaina, or even Shaiva temples by the Veera Maaheshwara cult in inscriptions, we have to go by circumstantial evidence.” Nagaiah is convinced that the skulls belong to the early 11^th century AD when people of Annigeri were put to the sword by a huge army of the Chola emperor Rajaraja I during 1007-08 AD[13].

May 2011 – J.M. Nagaiah – the origin of misinterpretation: J.M. Nagaiah has relied on a Hottur inscription in Shiggon village of Haveri district, which is about 40 km from Annigeri[14]. According to the inscription Rajaraja Chola I ravaged the whole countryside, murdering women, children and brahmins and “overthrew the order of the caste.” Among others who doubt the veracity of the radiocarbon dating is KUD’s archaeology Professor Ravi Korisettar who, for the want of specific and more precise scientific testing of the bones does not attach any historical or archaeological context to the skulls. Clearly, the Annigeri find has created dissonance among Karnataka’s scholars of history and archaeology as an explanation for the 601 pieces of skulls has ranged from warfare to ritual killing to tantric practices to mass massacre. As there is no consensus, forensics science skills could be applied to arrive at the probable cause of death in Annigeri approximately 638 years ago. Another means to unravel the mystery of the splendorous skulls is to carbon-date the residual skeletal remains that have been found in nearby pits.

January 2012 – Pampa’s birthplace, selling of the site etc: Besides the skulls, Annigeri was in news for the controversy over a recent resolution passed by the Kannada Sahitya Sammelana. The resolution seeks to shift the venue of the presentation of the annual Pampa award from Banavasi to Annigeri. Annigeri is the birthplace of Pampa, considered to be the father of Kannada poetry. Meanwhile, the land where the skulls and skeletons found was sold by the owner[15]. Obviously, he did not want more controversies from the archaeologists, historians and researchers[16]. Speaking to Deccan Herald over the phone from Bhubaneswar, Institute of Physics (IoP) Prof D P Mohapatra, who conducted the Carbon-14 dating on the skull samples, said the scientific process undertaken in his laboratory “has been able to consistently ascertain” that the skulls are 638 years old, with an error of plus or minus 60 years[17]. The Government of Karnataka decided that since the Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar, has offered results that come with the caveat of a 60-year margin of error, there is a need for greater precision. Samples will now be sent to Beta Analytic Inc, a private lab located in Miami, Florida, USA, a dedicated radiocarbon laboratory, also considered the world’s largest radiocarbon dating lab[18]. India head of Beta Analytic Inc Operations, Andrew Pal, said, “The skull samples from Karnataka would be received at New Delhi first, and then sent to Miami via courier services[19]. [Continued in second part].

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

01-05-2020

[1] Annigeri (Kannada: ಅಣ್ಣಿಗೇರಿ)is the place of birth of the famous Kannada poet Adikavi Pampa (Kannada: ಆದಿಕವಿ ಪಂಪ). It is well known for the black stone temple built by the Western Chalukya Empire. known as Amruteshwara Temple. A temple of mythological figures supported by 76 columns, located in the Dharwad district, and has a derasar dedicated to Parshva, the 23rd Tirthankara in Jainism. Annigeri also has temples dedicated to Banashankari, Basappa, Gajina Basappa and Hanuman. There is an ancient Lingayati temple near the railway station. Annigeri has seven mosques and two Lingayati Mathas.

[2] Sify.com, Human skulls found, Sept.1, 2010.

[3] https://www.sify.com/news/human-skulls-found-in-dharwar-imagegallery-national-kjckVmcahbjsi.html

[4] Top News, Several skeletons recovered in Dharwar in Karnataka, Raman Iyer, 1 sept.2010.

[5] https://topnews.in/law/several-skeletons-recovered-dharwar-karnataka-225647

[6] Deccan Herald, 300 more skulls found at Annigeri, Annigeri (Dharwad dist), Feb 28, DHNS, FEB 28 2011, 23:07 IST, UPDATED: FEB 28 2011, 23:08 IST

[7] https://www.deccanherald.com/content/141900/300-more-skulls-found-annigeri.html

[8] The Hindu, At Annigeri, a rare find of human skulls, Girish Pattanashetti, ANNIGERI (DHARWAD DISTRICT):, MARCH 08, 2011 00:44 IST, UPDATED: MARCH 08, 2011 02:46 IST

[9] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/At-Annigeri-a-rare-find-of-human-skulls/article14938189.ece

[10] Deccan Herald, Annigeri: Results of carbon test in 2 weeks Hubli, March 7, DHNS, MAR 07 2011, 23:38 ISTUPDATED: MAR 07 2011, 23:38 IST

[11] https://www.deccanherald.com/content/144020/annigeri-results-carbon-test-2.html

[12] Eminent researcher, critic and former vice-chancellor of Hampi Kannada University

[13] Deccan Herald, In studying Annigeri skulls, a collision of histories By Chandan Nandy, MAY 12 2011, 22:16 IST, UPDATED: MAY 12 2011, 22:16 IST

[14] https://www.deccanherald.com/content/160889/in-studying-annigeri-skulls-collision.html

[15] Deccan Herald, Site of Annigeri skulls find sold Sale shocker, Srinidhi R,Dharwad, Jan 8, DHNS, JAN 09 2012, 01:39 IST, UPDATED: JAN 09 2012, 01:39 IST

[16] https://www.deccanherald.com/content/217738/site-annigeri-skulls-find-sold.html

[17] Deccan Herald, C-14 dating gives Annigeri skulls 638 years, Chandan Nandy, Bangalore, May 9, DHNS:, MAY 10 2011, 01:15 ISTUPDATED: MAY 10 2011, 10:52 IST

https://www.deccanherald.com/content/160243/c-14-dating-gives-annigeri.html

[18] DNA, Nine months after 600 skulls were found in Annigeri, US lab roped in to solve mystery, B R Rohit, Updated: Jul 6, 2011, 01:10 PM IST.

[19] https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-nine-months-after-600-skulls-were-found-in-annigeri-us-lab-roped-in-to-solve-mystery-1562840