Analysis of Archaeological Material Remains through Geoarchaeology, Geo-Micro Fossils and Literary Sources of South India (2)

Analysis of Archaeological Material Remains through Geoarchaeology, Geo-Micro Fossils and Literary Sources of South India  (2)

Seminar banner kept near the University main building gate……

Closer view of the seminar banner

Archaeology students welcome with beautiful kolam (this is also a scientific pattern only, but, Indian ladies do wth dots, linea and curves…..)

Of course, you can read their message only if know the Brahmi script……..

They invite the dignitaries and delegates with flowers…..

Then, they are registered………..

The photo exhibition and artefacts displayed by the ASI….

Dignatries on the stage RHS….

17-08-2023 – the National seminar was inaugurated: As the Vice Chancellor could not take part in the inaugural function, it was decided to start the academic session and thus,  Dr Shaikh Mohammad Hussain, who was the head of the RUSA project for the particular theme, “Analysis of Archaeological Material Remains through Geoarchaeology, Geo-Micro Fossils and Literary Sources of South India,” he inaugurated the seminar. The following dignitaries participated in the function:

1. Shaikh Mohammad Hussain, Head, Department of Geography, Madras University
2. Prof. M. Suresh Gandhi, Department of Geography
3. Nandita Krishnan, Chairman, CP Ramaswamy Iyer Trust
4.  T. Sree Lakshmi, Director, Archaeological Survey of India
5. Amarnath Ramakrishnan, Supervising Inspector, Archaeological Survey of India
6. Shanti Babu, founder of the Sharma Organization for Traditional Education, Chennai.
7. Dr J. Soundararajan, ‘Head of Department-in-charge, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Chennai

They were also facilitated with shawls, mementoes and others. Then, the light was light with another light as usual and all with shoes and these things have been going on as a matter of routine.

11.27 to 11.35 – Dr. Shaikh Mohammad Hussain: On behalf of the VC, as he was busy with meeting, he formally inaugurate the seminar and gave a brief inaugural address. “If we go by the paleontological evidences, the age of the earth is found to be 3 million years…..As there have been IVC sites in Pakistan, on the western side, we have Dolavira, Lothal and other sites in India. Not only archaeologists, even paleontologists also studied these sites…dockyard ..irrigation tank and Dolavira and both are in Gujarat….. people were living in these areas. The people constructed a huge wall to protect from tsunami like disasters. …thus studying palaeontology, we can predict tsunami-like effects…..the palaeolithic tools have to be studied in all aspects, as they give different results, if they are studied chemically, physically etc……….the microfossils give details about the climate of the period in which they lived……..Dwaraka and Poompuhar are submerged towns……likewise, with the multidisciplinary studies, we study archaeology with geoarchaeology, geology, palaeontology and other fields. ”

ASI exhibition of photos and samples: In between, the photo exhibition and some excavated samples recovered at the different archaeological sites were displayed, was declared opened by Amarnath Ramakrishnan, ASI. The media covered the event and reported also. In fact, about the expo / exhibition, some photographs appeared in the English media also. The exhibition was useful to the students and visitors and there was a good response. There was also a display of books published by the department on the seminars, conferences conducted earlier and other related topics.

11.35 t0 11.44 pm – Dr Nandita Krishna[1]: The brief of what she spoke, “Unless the literary evidences are taken into account, the historical and archaeological findings cannot be understood and interpreted….. For example, S. R. Rao located and decided the site, where he wanted to conduct the underwater excavation based on the references of Mahabharat etc., and that is how he could discover Dwaraka…. Another example is Poompuhar and it is located only based on the Tamil literature. Unfortunately, in India, because of the British approach, we think that the literature is mythology and the details given are myth…B. B. Lal also could locate the sites based on the Mahabharat evidences, conducted excavations and the sites accordingly….We conducted research on the ancient plants to write a book on “Sacred plants of India,” we get many references from the Rigveda about the plants, listed them with their names and then tried to locate them… and they were found to be growing between the Indus and Ganges. Our student Amritalingam collected data for the book… Sacred Plants of India systematically lays out the sociocultural roots of the various plants found in the Indian subcontinent, while also asserting their ecological importance to our survival. Informative, thought-provoking and meticulously researched, this book draws on mythology and botany and the ancient religious traditions of India to assemble a detailed and fascinating account of India’s flora. ……While countries like Egypt get enough funds for archaeology, we are not getting. …..archaeology field is very expensive to carry on excavation activities……”  

11.45 to 12.00 Noon – Dr. Mahalakshmi: She delved upon the topic, “Symbols and Symbolism – New Evidences and Dimensions From Buddhist Establishments In South India,” and gave examples from the temples etc. Then, she went on giving archaeological evidences of IVC, Dolavira etc., and how they were trading with different ancient civilizations. She was explaining how the Buddhist symbolism and incography developed when the early Buddhists were not supposedly to make any Buddhist images. After the creation of Hinayana and Mahayana, the Buddhist statues were started to be engraved and established at different places. She gave many examples from the sculptures about the Buddhist symbolism and how they could be identified.

12.00 to 12.12 Noon: Amarnath Ramakrishnan spoke in Tamil, “Geology and archaeology cannot be separated, as they can be considered as brothers….any mound would be treated accordingly. We claim that research is done scientifically and so on. As science and technology have advanced and attained status, historians and archaeologists also try to follow the scientific methods. If we deal scientifically, then only we can get dating of the objects accurately…Dr Shanti Pappu can be cited for such scientific research. Her Athirampakkam excavation only gives the most ancient date for us…..There are evidences for prehistoric men lived some 1.5 to 2 lakh years before present here. We cannot get accurate dating based on literary or epigraphical evidences. We rely upon c-14 for dating. We take out the prehistoric stone tools and do research, but, we do not date them….she has done dating based on geomorphological evidences..archaeology has to be multidisciplinary, otherwise our subjects would be at a stagnation level and cannot grow…….thus, archaeology has to be viewed scientifically…Because we viewed our excavations scientifically, they are discussed globally….”.

12.30 to 1.00 pm – Shanti Pappu: As usual, she elaborated their palaeolithic findings with slides. She mentioned about Bokinakere Ramakrishnaiya Subba Rao (1925–2020) who is considered to be the Indian father of prehistory, was an Indian-origin entomologist who worked at the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. He was a specialist on biological control and described many species of parasitic wasps including Neodusmetia sangwani which is considered one of the most successful examples of classical biological control. Rao also served as a linesman and umpire at Wimbledon from 1969 to 1995. Archaeological nomenclature influences the classification of cultural phases, objects and related behavioural interpretations. The term ‘Madrasien’, synonymous with the Acheulian, was a key concept in early studies of Indian prehistory, encompassing notions of geographical/administrative boundaries, tool types, cultural identities and migrations. Madrasien was coined in 1931 by the Austrian prehistorian Oswald Menghin and established in South Asian prehistory by V.D. Krishnaswami. Here, the authors trace the evolution of the term, situating it within the wider discourses in Indian prehistory and examining its role in shaping ideas on South Asian Palaeolithic nomenclatures. The Madrasien was gradually replaced by the current medley of African, European and Southeast Asian terminologies.

Attirampakkam forms one of the classic sites in the history of Indian Palaeolithic archaeology. Discovered by the British geologist Robert BruceFoote in 1863 (Foote 1866), it was sporadically investigated for over a century (Krishnaswami 1938; I.A.R 1965-67). Significant conceptual developments in Indian prehistory and Quaternary studies had their origin in research at this site, which was also characterised as a type-site of the Acheulian handaxe-based ‘Madras Industries’. Situated in the Kortallayar river basin, Tamil Nadu, Attirampakkam (13° 13′ 50″ N and 79° 53′ 20″E; 37.75 m AMSL) is one of numerous Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites in the region (Pappu 2002). At present, gullies and rain rills erode tools over an area of around 50,000m². Excavations have revealed a multicultural site with stratified Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic deposits in well-preserved primary contexts. A significant discovery was that of Acheulian artefacts in a 4 m thick deposit of laminated clays (Layer 6; 2.96-6.90 m in test trench T3), which were previously assigned to a Lower Cretaceous formation, and which our studies now show to be Pleistocene in age. The presence of Acheulian artefacts in clay beds, indicative of a palaeo flood plain situation, represents a new ecological habitat to be identified in the IndianPalaeolithic. Acheulian artefacts, mainly handaxes, are of quartzites, which are not available locally. The paucity of debitage and cores indicate that early hominids brought largely finished tools to the site, possibly to exploit water, game and plant resources.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

20-08-2023

Inaugural session – full view

Inaugural audience view

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[1]  Full speech is available with the video of the Polimer Tv and one can listen there.

Students on the RHS

Students on LHS

Analysis of Archaeological Material Remains through Geoarchaeology, Geo-Micro Fossils and Literary Sources of South India (1)

Analysis of Archaeological Material Remains through Geoarchaeology, Geo-Micro Fossils and Literary Sources of South India  (1)

Research and seminar under RUSA: The Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Madras conducted a two-day seminar on how geological survey, fossil and literature studies with archaeological remains could contribute to history,, archaeology and related disciplines. The topic is Analysis of Archaeological Material Remains through Geoarchaeology, Geo-Micro Fossils and Literary Sources of South India[1]. This study is being carried out under Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)[2], a holistic scheme of development for higher education in India programme with funds received. Departments of Ancient History and Archaeology, Geography, Tamil Literature and Mathematics participated work together in this project. Thus it is a multidisciplinary research seminar organized and held on 17th and 18th of August 2023 in the University campus.

The announcement made in June 2023 about the Seminar: About this seminar, there was a news note appeared in Dinamalar, “On behalf of the Department of Ancient History and Archeology of the University of Chennai, next month, on the 13^th and 14^th,  (now dates changed to August 17^th and 18^th) research papers are invited in the international seminar on the topic ‘Geoarchaeology, Geomicroforms’. For this, comments including ‘Geo microfossils, Geoarchaeology’ should be sent to the address ‘Head of Department, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Chennai, Chepakkam Campus, Chennai – 05’ by 30th. For more details, contact on mobile number 94456 28813 or email ‘jsrajan2013@gmail.com’.

Instructions to paper presenters: As the subject matter has been multi-disciplinary, the papers should be theme oriented by the researchers and experts.

• The papers should be specific on the theme chosen.
• Inter-disciplinary approach can be there, but, the respective experts can emphasize their field of study and research.
• The received papers would be scrutinized, processed and selected for presentation.
• The paper presenters are requested to present papers with PPT bringing out their new findings hitherto published so far.
• New, current and updated facts and figures; data and information; interpretations and results are expected.
• No generalizations may be made.
• Already known facts, details and information etc., need not be compiled and repeated.
• Papers should be based on original research of the author with primary sources.
• The final paper should not exceed 10 pages excluding foot notes and references (to be given at the end of the paper).
• 12 points can be used of any font.

The sub-themes are as follows: – considering the multidisciplinary approach and academic cooperation of different departments and experts, the following topics are also considered for the paer presentation.

• the scientific study of archaeology of the earth in all aspects
• sedimentology (study of sediments)
• stratigraphy (study of adding of rocks),
•  their part in identifying the actual qualities of the excavations,
• Comparing and differentiating geoarchaeology and archaeology in the context
• uses of geospatial technologies such as GIS
• Indian maritime contacts with ancient civilizations since c.7000 YBP.
• Palaeolithic to Neolithic cultures and their correlation with the human evolution.
• Literary evidences for the above in the Indian literature.
• Correlation, corroboration and correspondence of the above evidences.

Theme of the seminar: Though the studies on Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil started and its mineral properties in early 19^th century, a complete and holistic understanding of Geoarchaeology and Geo-Microfossil and its formation predictions lacks till date. Most of the study on Geoarchaeology and Geo-Microfossil is centered upon dating the Geoarchaeology and Geo-Microfossil on stylistic grounds, of a particular region without taking all the available evidence. In India the Geoarchaeology and Geo-Microfossil study is usually carried on the basis of formal methods to date them.  Dating the Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil is considered to be the most important aspect in the study of Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil, whereas, other aspects like the meaning and message behind the Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil along with mathematical models in predictions of its age and pigments are usually not given importance because of the lack of insight passed on directly or indirectly from those who made and used the Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil (informed method).

Micro-fossil studies in India: Till date, all the reported Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil from the district is dated back to the prehistoric times on stylistic grounds, other associated finds in and around the Geoarchaeology and Geo-Micro Fossil site has been overlooked. Microorganisms are known to impact aquifers by modifying their rates of dissolution. In the karstic Edwards Aquifer, microbes colonizing the aquifer surfaces enhance the dissolution rates of the host rock. In the oceanic crustal aquifer, the largest aquifer on Earth, microbial communities can impact ocean productivity, seawater chemistry as well as geochemical cycling throughout the geosphere.  The mineral make-up of the rocks affects the composition and abundance of these sub-sea-floor microbial communities present. Through bioremediation, some microbes can aid in decontaminating freshwater resources in aquifers contaminated by waste products.

Archaeological investigations and Chronology: The detailed biological and palaeontological analysis of microfossils in such contexts may be an important source of archaeological data.  By critically reviewing a range of specialized cross-disciplinary analyses, it is shown how microfossils can be used to provenance inorganic artifacts, reconstruct aspects of their manufacturing technology, and infer their function. In Tamilnadu, excavations have been carried on at different sites and our archaeologists have been getting very important evidences. The script has been dated to c.6th cent.BCE and iron usage go back to c.1200 BCE. Thus, the historical chronology changes with the findings. The Poompuhar underwater excavations might reveal new results that might change the existing position also. Here, the geoarchaeology, micro-fossils and other scientific studies could bring results correlating, corroborating and corresponding with the Sangam Tamil literature. In this way, I hope all the concerned departments come together in this seminar to proceed further.

Updating of subjects is necessary: The updating of any subject has been making it current / recent and bringing to the usage with progressed, developed and advanced information and innovation. As the “goods and services” that are used now, get updated, such old “goods and services” get “outdated” and therefore, “update or perish” would come into play. If “publish or perish” has been common among the researchers, “update or perish” has been an axiom among the science and technology users, as the gadgets, instruments, tools, and machinery get outdated day by day. The exact position and condition would come to the academician, syllabus and the subjects. If Indians continue to read old subjects, that too, without any updating, they themselves better understand what would happen. History writers have not thought about progressed, advanced and developed stages of man, society, and nation in spite of many developments have taken place. Therefore, this multidisciplinary approach would pave way for new findings and interpretations.

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

20-08-2023

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[1]  Seminar brochure – https://www.unom.ac.in/webportal/uploads/seminar_conference/archaeology_seminar_20230609115934_95211.pdf

[2] The Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan is the central government’s contribution to further the promise held by the rich expanse of India’s state universities. The country’s future lies in empowering these campuses with all that it takes to enhance learning, better research and promote innovation. A centrally sponsored scheme, RUSA understands that sometimes the most important lessons of life are learnt outside the classroom. So whether it is upgrading libraries or computer laboratories, promoting autonomous colleges or clubbing them to consolidate their strength and forming cluster universities, this programme realizes that every institution holds the power to enrich lives through top-class education. With universities, to prepare universe-ready scholars. http://rusa.nic.in/

Chronology of India – Proceedings of the two day National seminar held at Bangalore on February 18th and 19th 2019 [4]

Chronology of  India – Proceedings of the two day National seminar held at Bangalore on February 18^th and 19^th 2019 [4]

M. A. Narasimhan on “Chronology of Astronomy in India.”

Narasimhan’s disposition on Indian astronomy: On the second day, parallel sessions were held and thus, the paper presenters were divided in to two groups. Venkat Rao M. Palati, Davanagere University chaired the session “Chronology of Astronomy in India.” M. A. Narasimhan[1] on Narasimhan delved upon Indian astronomy. As I have listened to him many times in the last 35 years in different ABISY and BISS seminars, I could not find anything new in his speech. Jayashree spoke on the importance of Sankalpa. He has engaged in “Extracting Historical, Geographical, Chronological and Scientific data from the eighteen Puranas[2]. This work has been commissioned by Akhila Bharateeya Itihasa Sankalana Yojana” and working on “A study of “Supasastra in Indian Tradition” with the assistance of the Indian National Science Academy, Delhi. This is a study of the food habits of India as prescribed in the traditional texts, along with their nutritive values”, sanctioned by Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. When the question of application of astronomical tables, planetary software etc., for the determination of dates of Rama, Krishna etc., he cautioned that might not give correct dates, as the data applied to software have been cyclic nature and any event could be supposedly occurred on a date, according to the chosen position of the planets, asterism and related data.

The Ganges Valley rice is dated to 9000 BCE: I went to other session, as my paper was there. I presented my paper, “Dating Indian seeds and its bearing on Historical chronology” with PPT. The important points were as follows:

1. The recent archaeological evidences of Ganges have proved that the antiquity of rice in India goes back to 6^th and 5^th millennium BCE. Latest studies from 2016 dated rice fields back to China’s Yangtze valley 8,400 years ago, but, now Indian rice is dated to 9,250 years ago, thus, rice cultivation in India started some 7,250 BCE.
2. The paleobotanical research reports have revealed that certain cultivated varieties of plants, trees and herbs, which are mentioned in Vedas and Epics, have existed in India continuously for more than 8000-10000 years.
3. Remains of cultivated rice, wheat and barley have been found belonging to 7000 BC; melon seeds, lemon leaf, pomegranate, coconut and date palm etc relating to 4000 BCE; lentils, millets and peas etc from 3000 BCE; use of reetha, anwla and shikkakai for making shampoo since 2500 BCE.
4. The latest archaeological excavations have revealed large volume of new data which has proved the indigenous origin and development of civilisation in the Indian Subcontinent since 7000 BC.
5. Some examples are: Lahuradeva, Jhusi, Tokwa and Hetapatti in Ganga Valley in the east; Mehrgarh, Kot Diji and Nausharo in Indus valley in the northwest; Lothal and Dholavira in the west.
6. The material testimonies of these excavations have shown gradual cultural developments from the 7th-6th millennium BC in the entire region of Indus Saraswati-Ganga system for a period of almost eight thousand years.

Rakesh Tewari’s finding of rice dated to 9000 BCE.

B. Thakur fixes date of rice to 7000 BCE based on diatom…..

My conclusion………………………….

all dates have to be correlated, collaborated and corresponded……………………

Effect of second day parallel session conducted on 19^th February: One paper presenter simply read the no.of kings of southern Indian dynasties of Vijayanagar and their feudatories. Here, also, nothing new was pointed out, as he was listing out the kings and their dates / years. R. Kavitha’s paper on the Cholas had been interesting, as she was narrating with inscriptions of the Cholas in Kannada. Again, there was a paper on the forts of Karnataka. Last paper “Iraiyanar Agapporul chronology” was interesting, as that was the only paper touched upon chronology based on the ancient Tamil literature, otherwise known as Sangam literature. Of course, the text “Iraiyanar agapporul” is dated to medieval period. However, the point is that during the medieval period, the tradition that some parts of the ancient Tamilagam were submerged due to natural disaster is proven.

When Nagarajan from Chennai  presented his paper on “Iraiyanar Agapporul Chronology”, only two persons were there – the session chair-person and myself  [K. V. Ramakrishna Rao]

Unfortunately, when he was reading his paper, other paper presenters had already gone! In other words, about 15 paper presents came there to present papers, and the moment his / her paper was over, they went away, thus, only two were present at the time of last paper presenter. This was really sad and perhaps, unbecoming for researchers, as they did not want to listen to others. Moreover, they just presented papers and walked away. It is ironical that such incidences happened even during the seminar conducted by BISS.

Sanskrit expert presenting paper in Sanskrit without caring for Indian map……………….

The paper presenter, who presented paper on Rajatarangini did not bother to use correct map for his PPT, though, the period was medieval!

19-02-2019 – technical session after lunch: After lunch, in the main hall, two papers were presented in Sanskrit[3]. One went on reading what the Sanskrit literature tells about the Indian medicinal system, but, without giving any evidences. He was repeating the stuff that was already available in many books and research papers. Therefore, I pointed out the existence of dental surgery in the IVC and trepanation carried out by the megalith period Indians at Kashmir, Andaman Nicobar islands etc. The other person presented a paper on Rajatarangini in Sanskrit, but, nothing new. When asked why the RT Asoka was Jain and Kalhana gives two dates for Mahabharata, he could not answer. Ironically, he was showing the truncated map of Kashmir [Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China etc.,] for the medieval period. In other words, the paper presenters have been so enthusiastic, to show some pictures in their PPT, instead of  carefulness in choosing a picture in the context. Again, there was a paper on the forts of Southern Karnataka.

Valedictory, prayer

Valedictory, Balamukund speaking in Hindi. He was mentioning my examples of antiquity of rice, dental surgery, trepanation etc…..

Valedictory function, Balamukund speaking in Hindi – another view

Valedictory function, Balamukund speaking in Hindi – another view from back

Valedictory function, audience view -RHS

Valedictory function, audience view -LHS

Valedictory function, audience another view -LHS

Valedictory function, audience another view -RHS

Valedictory function, students – audience -RHS

Valedictory, audience-LHS.further. students

Valedictory function: Balamukund Pandey in his concluding remarks used my paper details and responses, as he started with the “dating seeds of Ganges valley civilization”! Trepanation as pointed out by me, was mentioned as “brain surgery”.  As he had to catch his flight, he went away. Dr.Tejaswini Anantkumar, Trustee of Adamya Chetana, an NGO serving food for about 1.5lakhs students daily, spoke on the occasion of valedictory function. Her speech had been so feministic / womanistic, as she pointed out that what women should wear or should not be worn cannot be decided by others. She claimed that “Mangalasutra” also need not be worn by women, as it was introduced during the Mohammed period[4]. Similarly, the practices of bindi etc., could have been introduced. Ms M. B. Nagaveni, Director, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College, lamented that she also thought that “history was a boring subject….” She just then only knew about the existence of “Saraswati river civilization” before IVC.  Germans have donated scanner etc., to Melkote research institute[5]. Buddhism was a great religion, again it could become great, if all other religions disappear. With a vote of thanks, the seminar was concluded. Definitely, the speeches of Tejaswini Anantkumar and Nagamani were seurprising, as definitely, they have aired their views that were not factual.

History subject should be revised and updated: As pointed out above, I have been attending seminars, conferences, workshops etc., conducted by ABHSY and BISS since 1985, and I could note that most of the paper presenters and speakers repeat again and again, what they already presented of spoken at earlier proceedings. In fact, I hae also been connected with the three conferences / seminars conducted in Chennai and Kanyakumari. Though, they have been taking data and information from the books of Krishnanmari, T.S. Narayana Sastri, D. S. Triveda, Kota Venkatachalam, books published by N. Mahalingam Institute[6], etc. Therefore, even during 25-30 years, it is surprising and intriguing that they could not find or discover anything or interpret something new from what they already presented / prepared. Researchers should update their data, information and interpretations, so that the research also should be updated to suit the context. Otherwise, why the history subject, syllabus and programmes have not been changed, updated and revised cannot be questioned. As there has been chronological disputes in Indian history, definitely, they have to be sorted out and corrected. As Indian historical writings and historiography has been subjected to ideology with linguistic, racial ethnic, and other bias, prejudice and preconceived notions, the updation has to be done at different levels[7]. The Government should take action to revise and update the syllabus at school, college, University and other academic levels.

S. R. Rama Murthy sitting with Kotresh and T. V. Rangarajan

I started discussing with him about his stand taken on Rama, Krishna etc., and as well as on “Jesus in Kashmir” myth……….

T. V. Rangarajan came near to us, evidently, to know what we discussed…..

However, after listening to, he moved away with “Namaskar”!

The students took group photo with VIPs after the valedictory function

The students took group photo with VIPs after the valedictory function – another view

The students took group photo with VIPs after the valedictory function – another view

© K. V. Ramakrishna Rao

27-02-2019

[1] Sri M A Narasimhan, 384 Krishna Vilas Road, Mysore 570024, as per the INSA website. http://www.insaindia.res.in/compro04.php

[2] Incidentally, this also appears to be repetitive, as there have been many books and research papers in this context. Actually, the critical editions of the Puranas are required instead of relying upon the Puranic data, as such data was added much during the medieval period. Moreover, the spurious Puranas have to be excluded.

[3] Krishnamurthy of “Bharata Jeeva Tarangi” told that his lecture was directed to the students, how then, these Sanskrit papers read would reach them was not known.

[4] Incidentally, Sanga literatre itself have enugh evdnces to prove that such ornament, known as “Tali” was there during the Sangam period c.500/300 BCE to 100 CE.

[5] BISS conducted an Agama seminar here with the Triplicane Jeeyar and Thathacharya of the Institute.

[6] International Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilizations, 31, Poes Garden, Chennai – 600 086. Then shifted to 102, Mount Road, Chennai – 600 042.

[7] Irrespective of the efforts of BISS, the bias and dominance of other ideological and ideologized histories could not be effectively countered, as could be noted from last 40 years.